Main types of real estate. Main types of real estate Types of real estate in Russia

Traditionally, real estate in Russia is divided into 3 groups: housing stock, non-residential stock, and land. Each of these groups develops independently, has its own legislative and regulatory framework.

Housing stock - the totality of all residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership, including residential buildings, dormitories, specialized houses, apartments, other residential premises in other buildings suitable for habitation.

Residential real estate as a commodity has the following properties that distinguish it from other goods (Fig. 1).

Fig.1 Features of real estate as a commodity

The non-residential fund includes buildings, structures and other objects or part of them, located on a certain land plot and registered in the prescribed manner. Non-residential premises differ in their functional purpose into office, retail, warehouse and industrial premises.

The underlying property is land, which is the place of residence of all people, the main factor in any business, directly or indirectly involved in the production of all other goods.

Along with the division into types, real estate is classified according to a number of features, which contributes to a more successful research of the real estate market and facilitates the development and application of methods for evaluating various categories of real estate and managing them.

By nature of use:

Residential real estate: houses, cottages, apartments.

Commercial real estate: hotels, office space, shops, restaurants, service points.

Industrial real estate: factories, plants, warehouses.

Agricultural real estate: farms, orchards.

Special real estate: schools, churches, monasteries, hospitals, nurseries, nursing homes, buildings of government and administrative institutions.

Purpose of ownership:

To conduct business;

For the owner's residence;

As an investment;

As inventory and WIP;

For development and development;

To consume exhaustible resources.

By degree of specialization:

Specialized (due to its special nature, it is rarely, if ever, leased to third parties or sold on the open market to continue its existing use, except when it is sold as part of its using business): refineries and chemical plants, power plants; museums, libraries and similar premises belonging to the public sector;

Non-specialized - all other real estate for which there is a general demand on the open market for investment, existing or similar purposes.

According to the degree of readiness for operation:

Put into operation;

Requiring reconstruction or major repairs;

Construction in progress.

By reproducibility in natural form:

Non-reproducible: land plots, mineral deposits;

Reproducible: buildings, structures, perennial plantings.

Real estate has the potential to generate income and is quite an attractive investment area. Forms of real estate income:

1) future periodic cash flows;

2) an increase in the value of real estate due to changes in market prices, the acquisition of new and development of old objects;

3) income from the resale of the object at the end of the holding period.

It is one of the most important features of civil society. Ownership of houses, apartments, office premises and plots is registered with the relevant authorities, thus forming cadastral registration. Real estate is usually associated with residential properties, but the range of this category of property is much wider. In addition to the main varieties, there are separate groups of property, the positioning of which often causes difficulties in assessing the market value. Nevertheless, legal practice has developed a set of parameters by which real estate can be relatively accurately classified. The concept and types of this kind of property will help to identify the features of financial and residential facilities, as well as determine their investment attractiveness, which is important. But first you need to figure out which objects, in principle, can fit the definition of real estate.

Features of real estate objects

Experts identify three basic features by which a property can be distinguished - stationarity, material value and durability. Perhaps the main feature is stationarity, from which the name of this type of property as such comes from. This characteristic means that the object has an inseparable physical connection with the earth's surface. That is, the property is constantly in one place and does not involve moving without destructive processes. Although the most common types of real estate in the Russian Federation do correspond to this feature, this property is gradually softening and exceptions are appearing. At the very least, some kind of boundary categories are emerging, having some of the properties inherent in real estate in its traditional sense.

The next sign is materiality. To begin with, it is worth noting that any object of such property can be assessed in terms of physical characteristics. This can be data on area, location, quality of structures and materials. Taken together, this information gives an idea of the possible benefits of the object - accordingly, its material value arises. As for durability, initially this characteristic is conditional, so the law clarifies it. So, in accordance with the regulations, all types of real estate can also be divided into 6 groups depending on the technical condition and operational resource. The minimum life of real estate objects is 15 years, and the maximum is 150 years.

Property classifications

There are many approaches to the division of real estate on various grounds. For example, realtors who work with apartments put such parameters as the prestige of the area, the number of rooms, the number of floors and other characteristics in the first place. A slightly different approach is applied if it is planned to classify types of real estate intended for commercial use. In this case, the division takes place primarily in terms of liquidity and profitability. However, the physical properties of such objects and their remoteness from the city center to a large extent determine their investment attractiveness in the market.

If we approach the division of property in a broader manner, then the main factor in the classification will be the origin. In particular, the types of real estate objects that were created by nature, as well as with the participation of man, are distinguished. There is a third category - this is real estate, which was created by the efforts of people, but in the process of operation implies an inextricable connection with nature. For example, minerals and land plots act as resources from which real estate objects of natural origin are formed. As a rule, they are initially state-owned, but can also be transferred to private ownership.

Main types of real estate

To date, all real estate is divided into three main groups - land, commercial facilities and housing. Each category, in turn, has its own classifications and unique features. For example, it may have a different purpose in terms of operation. We can say that this is the most controversial type of property, which is explained by a wide range of ways to use it. On the other hand, residential and commercial properties of this kind have their own unique features. For example, such objects may have different degrees of readiness for operation. The property is irrelevant. It can be concluded that the characteristics, types and features of real estate are closely interrelated and help in defining each other. But, if you become more familiar with the differences between each of the main types of real estate, then their specific features will become more pronounced. It is also worth noting that one type of property can be transferred to another. For example, an agricultural plot can be reclassified as land for individual construction, and over time, a country house will appear in its place.

Residential Properties

To begin with, it is necessary to determine what objects can be called housing. As a rule, this concept means a building with amenities that ensure human habitation. Usually they differ in technical and operational characteristics. Taken together, the properties of the premises of apartments and houses make it possible to distinguish them in the category of elite, typical, business real estate, etc. Accordingly, the cost varies depending on whether the property belongs to one of the indicated groups. It also provides for the division of housing into urban and suburban. In the first case, we are usually talking about apartments in separate houses and complexes, and in the second - about cottages. There are also border facilities. For example, townhouses are being built in cities designed to accommodate several families. Although such objects retain the features of city apartments, the owners can have an individual entrance and their own plot near the house.

Separately, it is worth considering a condominium - this is a type of housing that can be included in different categories. To understand the features of this property, it is worth dividing the types of real estate into individual and general. A condominium is distinguished by the possibility of containing several houses or part of one building, the premises in which will be used by different owners. Also, this type of real estate may include the presence of land plots. That is, in this case, one object may contain real estate units of different classes, which are combined into a common infrastructure.

Types of commercial real estate

In the real estate market, four main categories of commercial properties are usually distinguished, which differ in the nature of their operation. These are retail, warehouse, office and industrial premises or complexes of areas. Often, one object includes several units of real estate from different categories at once. For example, the retail area is connected to the premises intended for the storage of goods. The common characteristic that unites these categories of objects is the focus on extracting material benefits. We can say that these are types of financial real estate that in one way or another contribute to the accumulation of funds. For example, production complexes are designed for the manufacture of products, warehouses are used to store products ready for sale or further logistics circulation, and retail facilities directly sell goods. Separately, it is worth highlighting office premises that can perform various tasks from the provision of certain services to the performance of managerial functions - for example, at the same industrial and commercial facilities. Residential real estate can also be considered commercial in some cases. For example, if the owner rents out the area, thus deriving financial profit.

Land as a type of real estate

As noted above, land is a property of natural origin and can be considered as underlying property. Depending on what legal status a particular site has, its intended purpose is determined. The most widespread types of real estate intended for agricultural use. In particular, land is allocated for pastures, arable lands, hayfields, planting of perennial plantings, etc. Plots designed for subsidiary farming cannot be used, for example, for planting cultivated plants, but barns, bathhouses, hayfields can be built on them and other household infrastructure facilities. The category of summer cottages is also quite popular. They differ in that the owner has the right to build small houses on their area. But such buildings do not belong to residential facilities, that is, they are not designed for permanent residence. These buildings are also subject to certain restrictions in terms of communication support.

Separately, there is a category of land plots intended for individual construction. If agricultural types of real estate cannot be built up with residential buildings, then objects for individual housing construction allow the construction of private houses and cottages. It is noteworthy that many modern cottage settlements are organized on the former, which today have acquired the status of individual housing construction. A specific and rare group includes sites for scientific stations. Research complexes and bases are organized on such lands.

Mobile real estate

This is exactly the case when one can speak of an exception to the rules in the management of real estate properties as such. Mobile objects that belong to real estate are represented by the so-called mobile homes. As a full-fledged object of real estate, such structures have recently become widespread in the United States. These types of real estate are less popular in Russia, but they are also used to equip villages located on remote construction sites. The advantages of mobile homes include low cost, undemanding in choosing a construction site, as well as versatility in operation. Among the shortcomings, there is a low level of comfort, average durability and unreliability. This is explained by the fact that the majority of such structures are still not calculated for permanent residence.

There are also legal subtleties that do not in every case allow us to consider such structures as full-fledged real estate. The concept and types of such objects may vary depending on the method of the technical device. So, the execution of documents for the right of ownership today is allowed for mobile structures, which are based on the foundation within the boundaries of the site owned by the owner of the object. In some cases, registration in the "home on wheels" is also allowed. Of course, the arrangement of the foundation for such a structure makes one forget about the properties of mobility, although, if desired, the user can move the house to another place with minimal losses. This category also partially includes sea vessels, which also belong to state real estate, although in fact they have the ability to move.

The economic essence of real estate

Purposeful extraction of material benefits is more characteristic of financial real estate. This is the meaning of the existence of such objects. Commercial types of real estate, its investment properties and characteristics are determined by attractiveness in the market. That is, indicators that determine the liquidity of the object and its possible profitability in the eyes of a potential buyer or tenant. The construction of an apartment building is also an investment project and belongs to the field of commercial real estate.

Specialists in this field are engaged in architectural planning, technical design of the house and carry out its direct construction, focusing on future investment attractiveness. But even after the completion of construction, the commissioning of the building and the transition of apartments to the status of residential real estate, investment characteristics are preserved. For example, even the first client of a company that sells the living space of this house may consider the purchase not as a place for their future residence, but as an instrument of financial investment with subsequent profit from the sale.

Types of real estate ownership

The most common form of real estate ownership is private ownership. A document confirming this right allows a specific person to dispose of a certain real estate object at his own discretion. At the same time, there are different types of property ownership in terms of private ownership. Thus, individual and common property are distinguished. The second variety takes place in those cases when one inseparable object implies the presence of two or more owners. In this context, it is worth moving to a joint form of ownership, which is also considered as common, but without allocating specific shares. If it is supposed to divide the property between the owners, then we can talk about another form of ownership - shared. Common property involves the formation of single shares between the owners, but their specific size is not specified. This may be the apartment of the spouses, which was purchased in marriage for common financial resources.

Conclusion

Still, the basis for dividing real estate objects into different types and categories is the nature of use. Based on the features of the future destination, architects and builders form the operational qualities of the object, which are laid at the stage of project development and are already implemented at the work site. There are also special legal properties that different types of real estate have. Civil law establishes separate conditions for maintenance, operation and market transactions for different categories of real estate. For example, taxation may apply differently to residential and commercial real estate. Moreover, even within certain categories, differentiation is often observed in approaches to the formation of regulatory documents regarding the maintenance and service of certain objects. This applies, in particular, to compliance with sanitary standards, public service rules, fire safety issues, etc.

There are three main types of real estate: land, housing and non-residential premises.

The land is subdivided into:

1. land plots intended for development;
2. natural complexes intended for their exploitation.

Housing is a building with all amenities, designed for human habitation.

Housing can be:

1. elite;
2. typical;
3. urban;
4. out-of-town.

Along with the division into types, real estate is classified according to a number of criteria, which contributes to a more successful research of the real estate market.

By nature of use

- Residential real estate: houses, cottages, apartments.
- Commercial real estate: hotels, office space, shops, restaurants, service points.
- Industrial real estate: factories, plants, warehouses.
- Agricultural real estate: farms, orchards.
- Special real estate: schools, churches, monasteries, hospitals, nurseries, nursing homes, buildings of government and administrative institutions.

Purpose of ownership

- for doing business;
- for the owner's residence;
- as an investment;
- as inventory and work in progress;
- for development and development;
- to consume exhaustible resources.

By degree of specialization

- specialized (due to its special nature, it is rarely, if ever, leased to third parties or sold on the open market to continue its existing use, except when it is sold as part of its using business): refineries and chemical plants, power plants; museums, libraries and similar premises belonging to the public sector;
- non-specialized - all other real estate for which there is a general demand on the open market for investment, existing or similar purposes.

According to the degree of readiness for operation:

- put into operation;
- requiring reconstruction or major repairs;
- Construction in progress.

By reproducibility in natural form:

- non-reproducible: land plots, mineral deposits;
- reproducible: buildings, structures, perennial plantings.

Real estate has the potential to generate income and is quite an attractive investment area. Forms of real estate income:

1) future periodic cash flows;
2) an increase in the value of real estate due to changes in market prices, the acquisition of new and development of old objects;
3) income from the resale of the object at the end of the holding period.

Real estate appraisal is of interest primarily for categories of objects that are actively circulating on the market as independent goods. Currently in Russia it is:

- apartments and rooms;
- premises and buildings for offices or shops;
- suburban houses with land plots (cottages and dachas);
- vacant land plots intended for development or for other purposes (in the short term);
- storage and production facilities.

The proposed classification of real estate objects aims to promote a differentiated approach to their assessment, taking into account the most significant features inherent in each group of objects, the characteristics of their turnover, the structure and scale of the markets within which the sale and purchase processes take place.

A variety of conditions and their combinations affect the assessment of an object, therefore, the “feature tree” method was used to carry out the grouping. Such a grouping is multi-level; at each level, it is carried out on its own basis with their possible differences at the same level, but along different “branches”.

At the same time, the depth (number of levels) of the classification is greater for those “branches” on which more representative objects are located (in terms of market scale).

Below are the name and set of recommended values for each attribute of the classification (the second digit in the numerical index of the classification indicates the origin of the object, the third - the purpose, the fourth - the scale and characteristics of the object).

1. Origin

b Natural (natural) objects.

b Artificial objects (buildings).

2. Appointment

ь Free land plots (for building or other purposes of using the surface of the earth).

l Natural complexes (deposits, etc.) for their exploitation.

3. Buildings

b For housing.

b For offices.

ь For trade and the sphere of paid services.

b For industry.

b Others.

4. Scale

b Land masses.

l Separate land plots.

b Complexes of buildings and structures (cottage settlement, micro-

district, hotel, sanatorium, motel, etc.).

l Residential building multi-apartment.

l Single-apartment residential building (mansion, cottage).

b Section (entrance).

b Floor in section.

b Apartment.

b Room.

b Summer cottage.

ь Complex of administrative buildings.

b Building.

b Premises or parts of buildings (sections, floors).

5. Ready to use

ь Finished objects

l Requiring reconstruction or major repairs.

l Requiring completion of construction (“in progress”). The division into subgroups according to the characteristics of group 4 can be applied for all groups (from 1.2.1 to 1.2.5).

The most developed sector of the real estate market in Russia is currently the apartment market. Commercial and especially industrial real estate markets, as well as the land market, are much less developed.

For assessment, the most significant classification of real estate, in which land, buildings and structures are divided into two classes:

1) specialized real estate;
2) non-specialized real estate.

Specialized property is property that, due to its special nature, is rarely sold on the open market, unless it is sold as part of the business that uses it.

The special nature of real estate is usually due to its design features, specialization, size, location, or a combination of these factors.

Non-specialized property is property for which there is a general demand and which is usually bought, sold or rented on the open market for the purpose of using it as an investment or for development and development.

For various assessments, depending on the purpose of ownership, real estate is divided into categories:

1) real estate occupied by the owner for use in the activities of the enterprise;
2) investment property used by the owner to generate rental income, to maintain or increase the value of capital;
3) real estate, excess for the needs of production (business);
4) real estate, which is owned for the purposes of development and development;
5) real estate held as inventory.

According to its functional purpose for conducting a particular business, real estate is divided into types:

1) residential;
2) office;
3) industrial;
4) warehouse;
5) multifunctional.

For assessments, depending on the purpose of using the improvements, real estate objects are divided into the following types:

1) residential buildings and secondary residential facilities (apartments, rooms);
2) administrative buildings;
3) industrial buildings;
4) parts of the building, built-in premises (premises of offices, enterprises);
5) mansions, cottages, dachas, garden houses;
6) structures;
7) complexes of buildings and structures.

The procedure for assigning a real estate object to a specific class, type, type and category must be agreed with the client, unless otherwise provided by applicable regulations.

For land plots, as special objects of assessment, there is a classification.

According to Article 7 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, the division of land resources (land fund) into the following categories is established in accordance with the purpose and legal regime of use and protection:

1) lands of settlements (settlements);
2) lands of industry, transport, communications, defense and other special purposes;
3) lands of nature protection, reserved, health-improving, recreational and historical and cultural purposes;
4) agricultural land;
5) lands of the forest fund;
6) lands of the water fund;
7) reserve land.

The lands of settlements - lands located within the administrative boundaries of various settlements, are divided in terms of their functional purpose into two groups: rural and yurod settlements.

When assessing the lands of settlements, one should take into account their division in accordance with the intended purpose and urban planning regulations for the following territorial zones:

1) land of urban or rural development, including residential and public, industrial and communal storage;
2) public lands intended to meet the needs of the population (occupied by squares, streets, roads, embankments, parks, forest parks, squares, reservoirs, beaches, etc.);
3) land for agricultural use;
4) lands of nature protection, health improvement, recreational and historical and cultural purposes;
5) land of transport, communications, utilities;
6) lands of reservoirs and water areas;
7) lands of military facilities and regime zones;
8) reserve lands - not involved in urban planning activities and others.

The classification of real estate objects according to the "feature tree" method, which we will give below, is convenient for assessing real estate, taking into account the main features inherent in each group, for example, the nuances of turnover, the scale and structure of the markets within which transactions for the purchase and sale of objects and etc.

According to this classification, real estate objects can be divided into:

1. Functional purpose:
land plots intended for development;
natural complexes (for exploitation);
the buildings
rooms and apartments;
buildings and premises for shops and offices;
private residential houses, dachas, cottages in the suburbs (with land plots);
industrial premises, warehouses;
others

2. By origin
land masses
Separate land plots.
Complexes of buildings and structures
Residential apartment buildings
Residential single-family houses (mansions, cottages)
Entrance (section).
Floor at the entrance.
Apartment.
Room.
Summer cottage
Complex of administrative buildings.
Building.
Premises or parts of buildings (sections, floors).

3. Ready for use
Finished objects.
Objects requiring major repairs or reconstruction.
Objects requiring completion of construction.

In order to assess the value of objects, namely: land, buildings, structures can be divided into two categories:
non-specialized real estate;
specialized real estate.
Specialized real estate such objects are considered that, due to the specifics of their use, are extremely rarely sold on the open market for their further specialized use. An exception can be considered the sale of such objects as a frequently operating business. This, special, nature of real estate is determined by the features of its design, location, specialization, size, or a combination of these factors.

Property for which there is a constant demand on the open market is considered non-specialized. Such real estate is freely bought, sold, rented. It is used both for direct purposes and as an object of investment, development, investment.

There are 3 types of real estate in Ukraine: land, housing and non-residential premises .

Earth is a fundamental factor in any commercial activity that is directly or indirectly involved in the production of goods or the provision of services.
The land is subdivided into:
1) land plots intended for building or for other purposes of use;
2)natural complexes intended for their exploitation (deposits, etc.)

Housing- a building with all amenities, designed for human habitation.
Housing can be urban and suburban, which may belong to different classes: economy, business, elite, typical (by series).

The housing market may primary(new buildings) and secondary(secondary sale)

Real estate is subdivided according to its functional characteristics into residential and non-residential.

IN non-residential(commercial) real estate allocate retail, office, warehouse, industrial, hospitality, recreational, institutional, and mixed-use properties.

Types of real estate according to the degree of readiness for operation:
1) facilities put into operation;
2) buildings that require major repairs or reconstruction;
3) construction in progress.

By degree of reproducibility in-kind allocate real estate:
1) irreproducible- these are mineral deposits;
2)reproducible are structures, buildings.

By degrees of specialization distinguish:
1) specialized: chemical and oil refineries; museums and other buildings belonging to culture;
2) non-specialized - this is real estate for which there is a demand on the open market for investment.

By nature of use real estate is needed for housing, commercial activities, agricultural needs, special purposes (schools, churches).

By tenure purposes it is for the business, for the owner's residence, as an investment, for development and development, as a commodity stock, for the consumption of resources that are currently depleted.

	Type	Scroll
Market	Housing stock	· Hotels, hostels; · Rest houses, camps, sanatoriums; · Houses, dachas, cottages, mansions; · Housing complexes, housing cooperatives, housing associations, condominiums; · Apartments, rooms in apartment buildings.
	Non-residential fund	· Non-residential buildings and premises; · Offices, trade and office complexes; · Multifunctional complexes; · Shops and trade facilities; · Restaurants, cafes, bars; · Leisure facilities; · Warehouses, storages, bases; · Kiosks, stalls, pavilions; · Gas stations; · Parking lots, garages.
	Earth	· Plots for personal subsidiary farming; · Plots for individual housing construction; · Plots for public construction; · Garden and country associations; · Lands of industry; · Recreational lands; · Others (others).
	Industry	· Property complexes of enterprises; · Workshops, production shops, lines; · Industrial complexes; · Agricultural enterprises.
Off-market	State fund	· Buildings, structures, houses and other objects of ministries and departments; · Land, forests, water bodies, subsoil; · Real estate objects (including enterprises) not subject to privatization.
	Strategic Fund	· Military-industrial complex; · Space objects; · Especially important state strategic objects real estate.
	Cultural Foundation	· Historical and architectural buildings and structures, museums, theaters, monuments, etc.; · National parks, reserves, estates; · Cultural values.

Introduction

1. The concept of real estate

2. General characteristics of the property

3. Property classification

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Real estate is the basis of the country's national wealth. The state of the real estate market affects the economy of the country as a whole, since the capital, labor, goods and services markets need premises that are appropriate for the activities performed.

Purchase and sale of real estate, insurance and property disputes, taxation, leasing property, corporatization of enterprises and redistribution of property shares, implementation of investment projects and secured lending - this is a short list of operations that require knowledge in the field of real estate economics. Such operations are widespread, the state of the real estate market affects the economy of the country as a whole, therefore, knowledge of the economics of real estate is necessary both for successful entrepreneurial activities of various types, and in life, in the everyday life of any family and individual citizens.

In the control, the features of real estate and the classification of real estate objects, etc. are considered. The purpose of this control work is to consider the pricing policy of enterprises, etc.

The tasks of the work are dictated by the goal:

Give the concept of real estate;

Consider real estate objects and their classification;

Define the properties of the property.

The theoretical basis for writing the work is educational materials and scientific articles of the following authors: N.A. Shcherbakova, A.G. Gryaznova, L.N. Tepman.

Special literature, periodicals, guidelines were used to write the test paper.

The structure of the test consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. THE CONCEPT OF REAL ESTATE

In current practice, real estate traditionally includes land and all improvements permanently assigned to it (buildings, structures, construction in progress).

The concept of "real estate" was first formed in Roman law in connection with the introduction of land plots and other natural objects into civil circulation, and now it has become generally accepted in all countries of the world. In Russia, this concept was applicable in the decree of Peter I of March 23, 1714 to limit the turnover of real estate and its inheritance. Peter I, by his law, united estates and estates into one category - real estate. Although this law was repealed in 1731, the term "real estate" survived.

In Soviet civil law, many developments of pre-revolutionary civil law regulating property issues were not used, including the abolition of private ownership of land and the use of the concept of “fixed assets”, which does not take land into account. After the abolition of private ownership of land, the division of things into movable and movable was transformed into the categories of fixed and circulating assets, and land plots were taken into account separately by type and only in natural units of measurement (by area).

In modern Russia, the concept of “real estate” was again introduced into economic and legal circulation by the Law of the RSFSR “On the Property of the RSFSR” on December 24, 1990 in connection with the establishment of the status of private ownership of land and the Fundamentals of Civil Legislation of the Union of the SSR and the Republics of May 31, 1991 (Art. 4). then this term was confirmed in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 27, 1993 No. 1767 “On the regulation of land relations and the development of agrarian reform in Russia (Article 1) and finally legislated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on November 30, 1994. (Article 130).

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Art. 130, 132), the following tangible and intangible objects belong to immovable things.

Objects classified as real estate under the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Separate objects (Article 13 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).	Complex objects (Article 132 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
Land; Subsoil plots; Separate water bodies; Everything that is firmly connected with the land, including: - forests; - perennial plantings; - building; - buildings; 5. Equivalent to real estate, subject to state registration: - aircraft and sea vessels; - inland navigation vessels; - space objects; Other items endowed with the status of real estate by law.	Enterprises as a whole as a property complex, including: - land plots; - buildings and constructions; - inventory and equipment; - raw materials and products; - rights to claim obligations (debts); - rights to designations that individualize the enterprise, its products, works and services; - other exclusive rights.

In theory and practice, there is a distinction between the concept of real estate as a material (physical) object and as a complex of economic, legal and social relations that provide a special procedure for disposing of it and a special stability of rights.

Real estate
physical object
Location Area and boundaries Volume Size (height, length, width) shape	landscape fossil deposits soil type physical characteristics environment
Objects of economic relations
Commodity Capital in tangible form Maintenance costs Financial asset	Utility Yield Liquidity cost	price taxation investment supply and demand
Object of legal relations
ownership (own, use, dispose).		Sustained rights (the right of lifetime inheritable possession, the right of permanent use, the right of economic administration, the right of operational management, the right of pledge, lease, development, the right to the land plot of the owner of the building located on it, trust and other rights).
Object of general social relations (land)
Habitat for people of all generations Irreplaceable natural resource Spatial basis for the placement of other objects Protected for the benefit of all people The basis of freedom and independence		Condition of people's lives Source of blessings Prestige of ownership Basis of pride and glory Multifunctional value

Real estate as a physical, economic, legal and social complex of relations

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REAL ESTATE

In world practice, real estate is land, as well as everything that is firmly connected with it, including objects attached to it, regardless of whether they are of natural origin or created by human hands.

In Russia, the concept of "immovable and movable property" was first used by Peter I in the Decree of March 23, 1714 "On the order of inheritance in movable and immovable property." Land, land, houses, factories, factories, shops were recognized as real estate. Real estate included minerals mined from the bowels of the earth, and various structures, both towering above the earth and built under it, such as bridges, dams, mines.

In Soviet civil law, many developments of pre-revolutionary civil law regulating property issues were not used, including in connection with the abolition of private ownership of land, the concept of “fixed assets”, which does not take into account land, was used, that is, objects of production and non-production purposes, functioning in for a number of years without losing their consumer form.

In the process of carrying out economic reforms in Russia, the division of property into movable and immovable property has been reintroduced. Since 1994, in accordance with Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, “immovable things (real estate, real estate) include land plots, subsoil plots, isolated water objects and everything that is firmly connected with the land, that is, objects that cannot be moved without disproportionate damage to their purpose, including including forests, perennial plantings, buildings, structures. Real estate also includes "air and sea vessels subject to state registration, inland navigation vessels, space objects."

Other property may also be classified as real estate. So, according to Art. 132, "an enterprise as a whole, as a property complex used for entrepreneurial activities, is recognized as real estate."

Things that are not real estate, including money and securities, are recognized as movable property.

Distinctive features of real estate are presented in table. 1.

Table 1.

sign	Feature characteristic
Immobility	Real estate objects cannot be moved without causing them some damage
Ground connection	Strong and physical, and legal connection with the land
Uniqueness	The absence of absolutely identical properties (they differ in physical characteristics, location, view from the windows, environment, etc.)
Utility	Utility lies in the ability to satisfy a person's need for residential and industrial premises, their comfort and environmental friendliness (room size, layout, landscaping of the surrounding area, location, material of the main structures, etc.)
fundamentality	Real estate cannot be stolen, broken or lost under normal conditions
Durability	The natural form of real estate is preserved in the process of use. Depending on the material of the main structures, the standard service life of real estate objects ranges from 15 to 200 years
The need for management	Real estate needs constant management (search for tenants, collection of rental payments, ensuring that the facility is maintained in a functional condition: repairs and various preventive maintenance, provision of utilities, etc.)
Uptrend in value	Property value tends to increase over time
Regulation of transactions by state bodies	There are government-mandated procedures that must be followed when buying and doing other real estate transactions
The problematic of hiding	It is difficult to hide both the property itself and its owner, which is important for tax policy regarding other goods
High transaction costs	Real estate values and transaction costs are high relative to other commodities

There is also property that was movable, but is now attached to real estate in such a way that it has become part of it. In order to determine whether the property is movable, it is necessary to find out how firmly this property is connected with the real estate object and whether it is possible to separate them from each other without damaging consumer properties.