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What is typical for the Turgenev girl. The image of the "Turgenev girl". Who is the beloved of the "Turgenev girl"

29/04/2017 - 20:00

"The Word Behind Us..."

Participant

Alina Kadyrova, Anastasia Bykova

MBOU secondary school No. 2 Tuymazy, Republic of Bashkortostan

Russian Federation

Supervisor:

Fedorova Evgenia Sergeevna, Leshchenko Olga Alexandrovna

User

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Material overview

Each time has its heroes, carriers of ideal qualities. The chroniclers of Ancient Rus' left us the memory of courageous princes and their faithful wives. The first Russian writers: M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavin - sang strength, grace, to become royalty. Our great classics - A.S. Pushkin, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy - presented deep psychological images, distinguished by high morality. At the same time, a special place in literature is occupied by female images, personifying the ideal qualities of the guardian of folk traditions and foundations, the family hearth and the moral health of mankind. And in this regard, our close attention was attracted by the work of I.S. Turgenev, or rather the image of the “Turgenev girl” created by him, to which we turned in our research work. The topic of studying female images created by Turgenev is given much attention in various works, both by critics of the past and modern literary critics. In Appendix 1, we have presented poems and well-known expressions dedicated to Turgenev's girls.Woman... Girl... Who is it? Dream, vision, man? For Ivan Sergeevich, this has always been a mystery, alluring and incomprehensible. The women who surrounded him in life were different, but invariably they all left an imprint on the soul of the writer. They taught Ivan Sergeevich to see beauty, appreciate life, preserving in him faith in kindness, kindness and the desire to love. Their images, which influenced the worldview and sensitive soul of the writer, Ivan Sergeevich transferred to paper. Analyzing the images of Turgenev's heroines, it is possible to identify a number of characteristic qualities, on the basis of which a type of female character was formed with a certain set of features, called "Turgenev's girl". Many critics and literary critics note the contradictory nature of this image: along with a strong character, perseverance to follow their idea to the end and the desire to deeply, faithfully love, the “Turgenev girl” has a childish naivety and daydreaming. So, Yu.V. Lebedev notes that “the main feature of every Turgenev heroine is delightful femininity. His heroines combine seemingly incompatible traits, such as timidity and firmness of character, dreaminess and purposefulness, manifested in everything. Turgenev's woman has self-esteem, is able to patiently and evenly build relationships with people. And all these are those qualities of character that from time immemorial constituted the ideal of the beauty of a Russian woman in various class societies. Literary historian I. I. Ivanov noted that in the works of Turgenev, the heart of a Russian woman is a touchstone of the hero’s behavior, his determination, his emotions. The controversy surrounding the image created by Turgenev has not subsided to this day. New times and mores make adjustments to the images of modern heroines. Is there really no place left in the 21st century for the ideals of female images sung by the creator? We decided to look into this issue, having studied and analyzed the typical character traits of the "Turgenev girls" in more depth, and to identify their relevance in our time. This topic is relevant, because. over time, the characters of the girls change, adapt to the changed conditions of life, but the features of the “ideal” female image can also be found in our contemporaries. This once again proves that the classic finds its relevance regardless of time.

Object of researchaniya: creativity of I.S. Turgenev.

Subject of researchaniya: the image of the “Turgenev girl” in the stories of I.S. Turgenev and in modern life.

Purpose of researchatelskoy rabots - identify the main features of Turgenev's heroines and trace them in the guise of a modern girl.

The goal determines the setting hadah:

    to study reference, critical, fiction on this topic, incl. researchers of I.S. Turgenev’s creativity;

    reveal the significance of women in the life of the writer and determine the prototypes of his heroines;

    trace the creation of the image of the “Turgenev girl” in the work of I.S. Turgenev through the analysis of individual works taken from the cycle of stories about first love: “Asya”, “Spring Waters” and “First Love”;

    on the basis of the collected materials, to identify the qualities of the “Turgenev girls” and draw up a psychological portrait of the literary type “Turgenev girl”;

    to identify the relevance and manifestation of the character traits of the "Turgenev" girl in modern society through a comparative analysis of the opinions of different age groups of the population.

hypothesesa: despite the dramatically changed social conditions of life, many qualities of the "Turgenev girl" are relevant and in demand in our time.

Theoretical basis of the study: information from Russian, Soviet and Russian literary criticism and Turgenevologists, such as Ginzburg, Pisarev, Byaly, Pustovoit, Lebedev.

theoreticalai knowavalue: systematization of material on this topic.

Etcakticheskai knowavalue: the work can serve as a preliminary stage to a larger-scale study of the role of female images in Russian literature of the 19th century. Also, the work can greatly facilitate the preparation for the lessons of literature on the work of I. S. Turgenev.

Research methodsaniya: literature study, data comparison , comparative analysis, testing, survey.

Research base: 1) stories by I. S. Turgenev "Asya", "Spring Waters" and "First Love";

2) students of the 9th grade of MBOU secondary school No. 2 in Tuymazy

Chapter I. Women's images in the life and work of I.S. Turgenev 1.1 Researchers of I.S. Turgenev

The study of creativity I.S. Turgenev has always received a lot of attention. The significance of the female images of the writer was noted by his contemporaries. Each of his works, appearing in print, immediately found itself in the center of attention of criticism. At one time, N.A. Dobrolyubov, analyzing the novel "On the Eve", emphasized that the main person in it is Elena, and in relation to her we must analyze other persons. A.I. Maikov wrote in a letter to Ya.P. Polonsky that Turgenev's women "have not been seen by nature", but such rare women exist. According to L.N. Tolstoy, Turgenev “did a great deed by painting amazing portraits of women. Maybe there were no such as he wrote, but when he wrote them, they appeared. P. A. Kropotkin wrote: “Turgenev<…>showed us what a Russian woman is, what treasures lurk in her heart and mind, and what she can be as an inspiration to a man. He taught us how the best people treat women and how they love ... ". Turgenev's work was highly appreciated by both his contemporaries, critics and literary critics, as well as leaders, leaders of the Soviet state, and foreign writers. In the 21st century in Russia, much attention is also paid to the study of Turgenev's work. Every five years, the State Literary Museum of I. S. Turgenev in Orel, together with the Oryol State University and the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, hold international scientific conferences. Turgenev anniversaries are celebrated not only in Russia, but also abroad. So, in the Ivan Turgenev Museum in Bougival, musical salons are held annually, at which the music of the composers of the times of Ivan Turgenev and Pauline Viardot sounds. In recent decades, a lot has been done in the study of Turgenev's novels, which was facilitated by the publication of the complete works of the writer in 28 volumes (1960-1968) and after him a 30-volume collected works. The study of female characters in the work of Turgenev has repeatedly attracted the attention of scientists: in the monograph by I.A. Belyaeva "The Creativity of I.S. Turgenev" (2002), the works of the writer are studied, starting with early lyric poems and ending with "Poems in Prose". In our work, we systematized the researchers of I.S. Turgenev and, for ease of use, summarized the data in a tabular form (Appendix 2).

1.2 Women in the writer's life

I.S. Turgenev holds an outstanding place in the development of Russian literature of the 19th century and a special one in the creation of female images. The women who surrounded him in life were different, but they all left an imprint on the soul of the writer. The despotic, strict mother, Varvara Petrovna, the sweet and cheerful Princess Ekaterina Shakhovskaya (his first love), the smart and courageous Tatyana Bakunina (a friend of her student years), the timid, thoughtful Avdotya (a serf who gave birth to a daughter from Turgenev), the passionate, keen Pauline Viardot ( love of his life), the young beauty Olga (a distant relative), the romantic Maria (sister of Leo Tolstoy), the talented, sensual artist Maria Savina - they taught Ivan Sergeevich to see beauty, appreciate life, preserving in him faith in kindness, kindness and the desire to love . V.N. Toporov notes that “Turgenev was an unhappy man in his own eyes: he lacked the female love and affection that he had been looking for from an early age. The tragedy of his life was rooted in the obsession with the feminine, in the acute and bitter consciousness of its deficiency and its irreplaceability. From the very beginning, Turgenev’s personal life somehow did not work out, the first love came out unrequited and left a bitter aftertaste: the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya, who lived next door, Katenka, captivated the 18-year-old Turgenev with girlish freshness, naivety and spontaneity. But, as it turned out later, she has long had a permanent lover - a well-known Don Juan in the district and ... Turgenev's father. In 1841, the student became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter Pelageya (Polina), who was brought up by Turgenev's mother. In 1843, he met Pauline Viardot, a French singer who was on tour in St. Petersburg at that time, fell in love and followed the object of his passion everywhere. It was not an easy relationship, so he tried to arrange his personal life without Polina: with his cousin's 18-year-old daughter, with Maria Savina, Maria Tolstaya, but nothing came of it, his heart was busy. Not having an official marriage, Turgenev lives in the Viardot family, where he takes his illegitimate daughter. Since then, Turgenev was convinced that his beloved is a holy woman, and he will spend the rest of his life with her. In the works of Turgenev, a large number of female images are taken directly from life. The writer was personally acquainted with such women or observed them (Appendix 3, 4). So, Turgenev's life is an eternal search for truth, the desire to comprehend the "mysterious Russian folk soul", and the theme of love is one of the main ones in his work.

1.3 Women's images in the works of I.S. Turgenev

Analyzing the texts of selective works by I.S. Turgenev “Asya”, “Spring Waters” and “First Love” (Appendix 5), we found out that the prototypes of the heroines were real girls who took an important place in the writer’s biography, who at one time influenced the formation of his personalities, as well as reflecting those wonderful features that he admired all his life. The story "Asya" was written in Germany in the 50s of the XIX century, which the writer considered a turning point for himself personally. He dealt with the issues of "personal happiness" of a person in a collision with his moral and social duty. The childhood story of the main character recalls the fate of Turgenev's illegitimate daughter, Polina (from a serf peasant woman), who was brought up in his mother's house, as well as the half-sister (by father) of the writer's younger sister, Varya. Asya is a proud, open, passionate girl, striking at first sight with her nobility, spontaneity and unusual appearance. She is the daughter of a landowner and a peasant serf, which is the reason for her unusual behavior in society. After her mother dies, the girl is left to herself, she early begins to think about everything that surrounds her, and about the contradictions of life. Sincerity, moral purity, the dream of a feat, the ability to strong passions make Asya related to other female images. She is used to making high spiritual demands on herself and the people around her, which proves one thing: the heroine is a strong personality, demanding truth and frankness in everything, possessing a huge spiritual potential, great moral strength.Turgenev's story "First Love" (1858), written in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, is the writer's favorite work. “This is the only thing that still gives me pleasure, because this is life itself, it is not composed,” he admitted. The writer did not hide her autobiographical nature: Turgenev himself served as the prototype of the young Volodya, the main character was the poetess Ekaterina Shakhovskaya (a neighbor in the country), the parents of I.S. became the prototypes of Volodya's parents. Turgenev. A. V. Polovtsev also writes about the autobiographical nature of “First Love”: “I reread only one story with pleasure. This is First Love. She is, perhaps, my favorite work ... in "First Love" ... a real incident is described without the slightest embellishment ... the characters stand as if alive before me ”(Tsar Bell, illustrated universal calendar for 1887). In the story, the writer very poetically describes the feeling of unrequited love, which brings him both joy and sorrow, but always makes him purer, more sublime. The plot of the story is very simple. The heroine of the story, Zinaida, at first glance, is an infantile person, but the main character saw in her a light that speaks of inner purity, despite all the contradictory behavior of the princess. She wants the love of a strong person: "who would break me himself." She is tired of stupid flirting with fans, she is waiting for a big, strong feeling. This image is permeated with lightness, light and love of life, which makes it feminine and memorable.No less lyrical image of Gemma from the story "Spring Waters". While in Frankfurt, Turgenev fell in love with a beautiful Italian woman who served as the prototype for Gemma. The story appeared in Vestnik Evropy in 1872 and was close in content to the stories Asya and First Love written earlier. Turgenev admitted that in his youth he “experienced and felt personally” the content of the story. But unlike their tragic endings, Spring Waters ends in a less dramatic plot. Gemma is a sensitive, kind, graceful and talented girl with extraordinary beauty. A reverent attitude towards close people, attention to others characterize Gemma as a sincere, caring, affectionate, sweet girl, capable of self-sacrifice. Having fallen in love, the girl reveals herself in her full glory. We see that she is a brave, noble, sensitive person "with that Italian grace, in which the presence of strength is always felt."So, Turgenev's life is an eternal search for truth, the desire to comprehend the "mysterious Russian folk soul." The theme of love is one of the main ones in his works. With love, he tests the value of his heroes, their correspondence to the high rank of a person. Ivan Sergeevich makes the most stringent demands on the personal life of his characters. A comparative description of the images of Asya, Gemma and Zinaida from the stories of I.S. Turgenev "Asya", "Spring Waters" and "First Love" we presented in Appendix 5.

Chapter II. Characteristics of the images "Turgenev girl"

2.1 Psychological portrait of a literary type

"Turgenev girl"

One of the researchers of Turgenev's creativity A.G. Zeitlin noted the primacy of Pushkin in the field of creating female characters, who “already emphasized in a woman the moral advantages of strength, integrity and purity of character, but Turgenev’s innovation was undeniable. Turgenev put into the images of his heroines all the qualities that an ideal woman can only possess. Most of all, he valued in a woman the soul, the character; and the way she manifests herself in a relationship with a loved one was for the writer the main criterion for her evaluation. This was also confirmed by Pustovoit, who believed that "the charm of many Turgenev's heroines, despite the difference in their psychological types, lies in the fact that their characters are revealed at the moment of intense poetic feeling, which Turgenev learned from Pushkin." Researchers classify Turgenev's female characters as follows: the first group - they live by their own interests, are focused on themselves, the second group is precisely the "Turgenev girls", whose thought is always turned to life, the suffering of others. The work of I. S. Turgenev gave Russian literature a vivid image of a girl, which over time transformed into a stable stereotype, the concept of "Turgenev's girl" became a household word. It is based on a whole string of images of heroines created by the writer during the 1850-1890s. All of them are united by common characteristics: it is a harmonious and integral inner world, innate modesty, simplicity, strong will and unyielding character. Despite some detachment from everyday life, this girl organically feels alone with nature, often she has to come into conflict with the existing family way of life or the conventions of the world, but in her desire to achieve her goal, she goes to the end. Femininity is the main feature of every Turgenev heroine. To depict female images, Turgenev uses various artistic methods: portraiture, dialogue, the author's narration about the childhood and youth of the heroines, music, and others. Compiling the psychological portrait of the "Turgenev girl", we noted the main components: external data, "ideal" character traits, a rich inner world, attitude towards people and towards love. However, the image of the Turgenev girl was not static: from story to story, he became deeper and more modern, absorbing the features of the new Russian reality. Turgenev's girls are similar in the main thing - in relation to the ideal of life: they are filled with iridescent, "winged hopes", they live in dreams. But in our opinion, such daydreaming cannot be considered a positive property, since you have to live in reality. The Turgenev girl "demands a lot from life, she reads, she dreams", she is waiting for a hero who will embody all her dreams.Thus, we traced how the image of the “Turgenev girl” developed, saw what feminine qualities Turgenev sings, embodying them in his heroines. “Turgenev girl” is a capacious and broad concept, it is an ideal collective image of femininity and purity (Appendix 6.7). Women's images are original and recognizable, there is much in common in the ways they are created: dialogue and portrait. They attracted attention and aroused admiration for their ability to love deeply and selflessly, revealing themselves as a person with a deep inner world. The topic of studying the female images of Turgenev is one of the most popular in the study of the writer's work in various works of critics of the past and modern literary critics. This once again shows that classical literature is relevant regardless of time.

2.2 Turgenev girl in the modern world

For a century and a half, the interpretation of the image of the “Turgenev young lady” has been distorted: this expression has become commonplace, its meaning has changed significantly. A modern young person already looks, thinks and speaks in a completely different way. And the modern girl's life priorities have changed: getting an education, self-realization, and so on. And this is all in addition to eternal values: love, family. Today, many responsibilities lie on the fragile shoulders of the modern woman/girl. How not to change the "ideal" character traits? It seems to many that the concept of "Turgenev's girl" is inappropriate in our time, there are no such girls anymore. Now this is what they call romantic, too sensitive young ladies, about whom one can say: "not of this world." But this is a delusion of many. Yes, this girl is distinguished by her purity, the absence of bad habits, the desire to find her only one, her willingness to love and be loved. But in the previous chapters, we found out that Turgenev's heroines are, of course, romantic to some extent, but far from naive. Their ability to feel deeply is combined with the ability to follow the intended path, overcoming obstacles. "Turgenev's girls" - the concept is more capacious and broad - it is a collective ideal of femininity and purity. In modern society, you should not look for girls who fully meet the ideals of the 19th century. But girls, who have many typical "Turgenev" differences in their character and behavior, are now found and, it seems to us, often. Having made a comparative analysis of the main characteristics of the life of girls in the 19th and 21st centuries, we highlighted the same or similar characteristics in red (Appendix 8).Analyzing the data obtained, we can conclude that, despite the changed social conditions of life, such girls will have a place at any time. Intellectuality, modesty, intelligence, upbringing will never lose their weight in society. If modern Asya manages to find her Prince, then he will be happy with her, as she is with him. They will be rewarded with a happy life in the family, with the fulfillment of the dream of a quiet comfortable home, raising children and an active life and work to improve the world. This will be a modern Turgenev girl, but descended from the world of dreams and dreams into real earthly life.

Chapter III. Practical part

3.1 Psychotype of the "Turgenev girl"

In the previous chapters, we found out that the “Turgenev girl” is a collective ideal image, identified the main character traits of such an image, and came to the conclusion that in modern society there is still a place for qualities that will never lose their importance. Further, in our work, we also want to identify the “relevant” for our time character traits of the “Turgenev girl”. To do this, we will use modern methods of studying the problem. In identifying personal qualities, psychologists advise taking into account the psychotype of a person. A person's character is a combination of actions, habits and skills. His features are certain habits and specific skills. And it is they who dictate how a person should act in a given situation. But, in addition to the habits and skills formed during life, the character can be attributed to one of the psychological types that also affect his actions. The terms "extrovert" and "introvert" have been known for a long time, but Carl Jung firmly introduced them into everyday life at the beginning of the 20th century. These are two completely opposite personality types. It is believed that each person has features of both types, but one prevails. The definition of a personality type is based on a combination of such qualities as ambition, activity, assertiveness, and sociability. An extrovert is a person who loves to communicate. He may have a rich inner world, to which he turns, if only it is necessary to achieve some goal. An introvert is a person who is immersed in himself. Nevertheless, if necessary, he can communicate with people, but only as much as necessary. Turning to Wikipedia (Appendix 9), we found out that the “Turgenev girl” is an “obvious introvert”: because she is closed, sensitive, “she doesn’t get along well with people, but she has a deep inner life.” In order to compare this image with the image of a modern girl, we decided to conduct a personality type test among students, the study was based on the 9th grades of MBOU secondary school No. 2. We found out the following: out of 48 students, 19 (40%) are extroverts, 24 (50%) are introverts and 5 (10%) are ambiverts (dual natures) (Appendix 10). Thus, we came to the conclusion that the psychological type , close to the image of the "Turgenev girl", is now more common than any other.

3.2 A survey to identify the relevance of the character traits of the "Turgenev" girl in modern society

Next, we conducted a survey to identify ideal female qualities and compiled an approximate list of signs of modern "Turgenev girls": modest, romantic, well-mannered, feminine, avoid vulgarity and aggressiveness, dress decently, read books, understand classical music, many play music instruments, speak several foreign languages, know how to waltz, adhere to strict moral principles, come from different social classes. We decided to find out how and to what extent the main typical features of Turgenev's heroines are manifested in modern girls. To do this, a sociological survey was conducted to identify the relevance of the character traits of the "Turgenev" girl in modern society among 9th grade students and their parents. We asked the participants to rank all the qualities in order of importance, grouping them into “family”, “business” and “creative”. It turned out that mothers and girls rated business qualities the highest, mothers and fathers rated family qualities, boys and fathers rated creative qualities the lowest (Appendix 11). At the same time: in the 1st place, according to the girls, is modesty, and in the last place is decisiveness; according to the boys, in the 1st place - attractiveness, in the last place - willpower; mothers put in 1st place - femininity, in the last place - determination; Popes ranked modesty as the 1st place, and willpower as the last. From this we can conclude that modern girls and women are concerned about the development of business qualities, as they need it for personal growth and confidence in the future, at the same time, the stronger sex does not see the point in the creative inclinations of ladies. We also turned to the Internet and social networks to confirm or refute the hypothesis put forward about the relevance of the issue we are considering. There we found a lot of evidence that this topic excites the minds and souls of the younger generation (Appendix 12).

3.3 Organization of the school-wide creative project "Women's Images in Russian Literature"

In the process of studying and researching the images of the "Turgenev girl", many of our classmates became interested in this topic. They participated in questioning, information analysis, disputes. Gradually, for us, "Turgenev's girls" began to be drawn not only verbally, but also figuratively. I wanted to turn them into reality. This idea was supported by technology teacher Olga Alexandrovna Leshchenko. A school-wide creative project "Women's Images in Russian Literature" was developed, in which everyone in grades 6-8 took part. The project was timed to coincide with the Year of Literature in Russia. The girls created female images using different techniques: cross-stitch, painting on glass and wood, silhouette paper cutting, dolls and more. We focused on the images of the "Turgenev girls": we made a series of miniatures embroidered with a cross (Appendix 13). Visual images helped us in revealing the theme of the work. And the school-wide creative project "Women's Images in Russian Literature" received a diploma "For the best exposition" following the results of the municipal exhibition of arts and crafts "The World of My Hobbies-2015".

Forkey

In the course of the research work, an analysis was made of selected works by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Asya", "Spring Waters" and "First Love". We found out that the prototypes of the heroines were real girls who occupied an important place in the biography of the writer, influenced the formation of his personality in their time, and also reflected in themselves those wonderful features of the “ideal” female character that he admired all his life. “Turgenev girl” is a capacious and broad concept, these are ideal collective images of female beauty, femininity and purity, despite many differences in life circumstances.For a century and a half, the image of the “Turgenev girl” has changed a lot, in modern society you should not look for girls who fully meet the trends of the 19th century. In the time of Turgenev there were no such morals as in our time. But everyone wants to experience wonderful feelings, all bright feelings have always been and will be inherent in a person, regardless of the time and level of development of society. Having made a comparative analysis of the main characteristics of the life of girls of the 19th and 21st centuries in our work, we identified the same or similar characteristics, and came to the conclusion that, despite the changed social conditions of life, such girls will have a place at any time.

In the practical part of our work, we conducted a survey among ninth-graders, as representatives of modern youth, in order to find out what qualities are relevant in our society. The results showed that modern girls and women are more concerned with the development of business qualities than creative ones, but the "ideal" family qualities of women are more valuable to the male part of society.

After analyzing all the work done, we came to the conclusion that the qualities of women admired by the great classic are undergoing changes in modern society. The appearance of modern young ladies is strikingly different from the image of the "Turgenev girl", this is dictated by the spirit of the times. But our hypothesis that, despite the dramatically changed social conditions of life, many qualities of the "Turgenev girl" are relevant and in demand in our time, is confirmed. The “Turgenev girls”, who descended from the world of dreams and dreams into real earthly life, will have a place at any time.

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Download material Turgenev in the 50-80s of the XIX century wrote several works in which heroines are shown that fit the definition of "Turgenev's girl". They have a lot in common. These are girls whose childhood passed somewhere on remote estates, where the influence of the capital's secular society is not very felt. Turgenev's heroine grew up among forests and fields, she thinks and reads a lot, she has a rich inner world, into which she is in no hurry to let outsiders in. She is not very attractive in appearance, and to a young man accustomed to secular brilliance, it may seem completely ugly. Despite the fact that her circle of acquaintances is limited, she is well versed in people and can distinguish the true from the ostentatious. Among the young people around her, she will unmistakably choose the one who is ready to serve a noble idea, while she is ready to follow him to the ends of the world. Outwardly, she seems weak and gentle, but if necessary, she shows a very strong character, determination, and determination. The male hero is usually weaker than her.

Asya, Natalia, Elena

Asya from the story of the same name at first seems to the main character pretty, but somewhat unbalanced. Natalya Lasunskaya from the novel "Rudin" makes an unfavorable impression on those who see her for the first time, she seems angular, although she has a clean, regular and expressive face.

The heroine of the novel "Nov" Marianna seems generally ugly, with a round face, a big nose and too bright eyes. Lisa Kalitina from the Noble Nest gives the impression of a serious, very tactful girl who tries not to offend anyone. Turgenev girls are waiting for love, but for the sake of it they do not agree to sacrifice the idea.

Turgenev girl in the modern world

The image of the “Turgenev young lady” has changed a lot over a century and a half. Similar characters appeared in the books of other Russian writers - for example, Chekhov or Bulgakov. They had quite a lot in common with Turgenev's heroines. Over time, this expression has become household. Its meaning has changed significantly. Now this is what they call romantic, overly sensitive young ladies, about whom one can say that they are not of this world. This is not a completely correct understanding of Turgenev's work. His heroines, of course, are romantic to some extent, but far from naive. The ability to feel deeply is combined with the ability to follow the intended path, to overcome obstacles. They feel great among books, but the book world does not obscure reality for them.

Have you ever noticed that there are no expressions like "Tolstoy's girl" or "Chekhov's young lady"? And a pearl like a "Dostoevsky" or "Gogol" girl is completely unthinkable! But the expression "Turgenev's young lady" still lives! What is the reason? And who is she, the beloved heroine of the great writer?

I think it is worth starting with the personality and fate of I. S. Turgenev himself. Many people know that the prose writer had a strong passion for the French singer Pauline Viardot. This story of unrequited love still excites people, performances are staged about it, films are made. The writer himself never married.

The Turgenev girl is feminine, not always beautiful at first glance, but at the same time she is distinguished by some special charm. In a sense, she is “out of this world”: she reads a lot, is romantic, impressionable, lives in her own world, a bright introvert. Here is how the author introduces Natalya Lasunskaya from Rudin to readers: “She often remained motionless, lowered her hands and thought; then her inner work of thoughts was expressed on her face ... She felt deeply and strongly, but secretly ... ”Tatyana Larina can be considered an ideal example of a Turgenev young lady, who, however, came out from the pen of another writer and poet.

Between love and moral standards, the heroine will choose the latter, she is impeccably virtuous. For her, purity of conscience is perhaps even the most important criterion for happiness. Only at first glance, Turgenev's heroine is weak and helpless; in fact, she has a powerful potential for inner strength based on a sense of moral duty.

The Turgenev girl is prone to self-sacrifice, for the sake of a loved one she can do a lot. Her reserve of strength may be more powerful than that of a man, and her calling force draws forward. An unusual character breeds an unusual destiny. The heroines of Turgenev boldly go to war (Elena in "On the Eve"), and to the revolution (like Marianna in "Novi"), and to the monastery (Lisa Kalitina in "The Noble Nest"). Turgenev's young lady serves either her beloved man, or an idea, and sometimes both at the same time. It can combine seemingly irreconcilable qualities: rationality in it is adjacent to outbursts of feelings and stubbornness.

The heroine of Turgenev is not like the Beautiful Lady of the Middle Ages, who simply takes attention from her knight. Rather, she herself will become a knight and, like some women from Russian fairy tales, she will go to save her hero. Therefore, she is not weak and weak-willed, as it seems at first glance: “... Something strong and courageous, something swift and passionate” emanated from her whole being, - this is how the author describes Marianne (the novel “Nov”). The inner integrity, the loyalty to oneself of Turgenev's heroines is amazing! Let us recall, for example, Lisa Kalitina: “Entirely imbued with a sense of duty, fear of offending anyone, with a kind and meek heart, she loved everyone and no one in particular; she loved one God enthusiastically, timidly, tenderly.

Not all writers were close to the image of such a girl. Arkady Averchenko in the story "The Death of a Girl by the Hedge" caustically ridicules the attempts of modern women to be like Turgenev's heroines. According to the satirist, the type of such a girl is impossible in the changed realities.

There are many stereotypes about the Turgenev girl, the modern world gives this type its own interpretation. Sometimes this is the name of simple romantic young ladies, or those who read a lot and can go headlong into the book world. There is also an idea that this girl is nervous, unbalanced, hysterical; or very modest, almost downtrodden, or simply out of date. But I still think that a true Turgenev young lady harmoniously combines all the qualities that I wrote about above. In today's world, there are, perhaps, really few of them.

© Evgenia Novoseltseva

Shlyapkina Natasha

The history of the creation of the works of IS Turgenev "Rudin", "Nest of the Nobles", "Asya". Relevance of the topic

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  1. Biography
  2. The history of the creation of the work "Rudin"
  3. The history of the creation of the work "Asya"
  4. Relevance of the topic
  5. The image of the "Turgenev girl"
  6. Used Books

Biography.

I. S. Turgenev was born on October 28 (November 9, N. S.), 1818 in Orel. His father's name was Sergei Nikolaevich. He served in the Elisavetgrad Cuirassier Regiment, which was then quartered in Orel, and retired as a colonel. Mother - Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova I.S. Was the middle of three sons. The younger brother died in early youth, and the older one lives in Moscow. At the age of seventeen, Turgenev lost his father, but his mother lived until she was seventy and died in 1850. In 1822 the Turgenev family went abroad and visited Switzerland. Upon returning to the fatherland, the family settled for a long time in the family estate, in the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province. Turgenev immediately began to learn from teachers of various nations, with the exception of the Russian one. In 1828 he moved with his parents to Moscow; in 1834 he entered Moscow University, and in 1835 he moved to St. Petersburg University, where he graduated as a candidate. In Berlin, Turgenev listened to lectures on history, Latin and Greek, and Hegelian philosophy. In 1841, Turgenev returned to St. Petersburg and was for about a year at the office of the Minister of the Interior. At this time, he very often saw Belinsky, with whom he became close friends. Although Turgenev wrote poetry as a boy, his first poem Parasha appeared only in 1843. Following this, he wrote several other works, which, however, did not have a particularly strong success.

Doubting his poetic talent, he decided to do away with literature and left St. Petersburg at the end of 1846; but, yielding to Belinsky's requests, he gave him a short story for Sovremennik, namely "Khor and Kalinich". This work, which later became part of the Hunter's Notes, made an extremely strong impression on the public and convinced the author himself of his talent. From now on, devoting himself to literature, Turgenev went to Paris and wrote there most of the "Notes of a Hunter", which immediately put him at the head of Russian fiction writers. In 1852, Turgenev was sent to live in the village for publishing an article about Gogol (in fact, for the "Notes of a Hunter"), where he stayed for two years. Since then, Turgenev lived in Russia, then abroad until 1863.

The history of the creation of the work "Rudin".

The novel "Rudin" was written in 1855 within two months. The process of creating the work coincided with the events of the Crimean War of 1853-1855.

I. S. Turgenev considered it necessary to assess the ruling class that was in power. It was necessary to answer the question of whether there were advanced cultural forces in the nobility that could take on the difficult task of transforming Russian life. The writer managed to cover complex material on a hundred pages of text.

Throughout the novel, Rudin's opposition to the noble environment runs. The hero of Turgenev's novel stands out as an exceptional person, although he is connected with his environment. Above Rudin in many ways was only Natalya.

The writer gives examples of Rudin's "music of eloquence", shows him in the process of a dispute. In a figurative, poetic form, Rudin speaks to Natalya about himself, about his love.

The novel "Rudin" is imbued with lyricism, the author's evaluative attitude towards his characters, which is presented in the form of a direct characterization.

Roman Turgenev ends with a lyrical landscape in the first editions (only in the 1860 edition did the scene of Rudin's death on the Parisian barricades be added).

Turgenev's truthfulness and the sense of responsibility he felt in deciding what kind of people Russia needed helped him rise above personal sympathies. The writer in the person of Rudin created a generalized image of an advanced noble intellectual of the 50s.

The history of the creation of the work "Noble Nest"

The text of the novel known to us was created over several months, from mid-June 1858 to mid-December of the same year. But the idea of ​​the work, by Turgenev's own admission, dates back to 1856.

The expansive meaning of the title "The Nest of Nobles", which set off the social affiliation of the characters in the novel, was noticed in criticism by P. V. Annenkov, who saw in this title a hint of the writer's bitter irony in relation to the circle of the local nobility.

In search of those moral principles that contributed, in his opinion, to the formation of a strong and integral, persistent and self-sacrificing nature, Turgenev, even in The Noble Nest, turns to religion as a source of ethical traditions national and folk in nature, but as a realist writer he could not fail to see those anti-social, reactionary tendencies that were laid down in the dogmas of Christian morality. Hence, in the novel, such a contrasting image of folk and lordly religiosity. Hence those hesitations in the author's attitude towards the image of the heroine, which are so obvious when comparing the ethical convictions of Lisa and Lavretsky.

Calling Liza's renunciation of happiness "unbelief", Lavretsky with all his experience convinces Liza to exclude self-sacrifice in love from the concept of duty. Lavretsky does not renounce happiness, he sees it in a harmonious combination of natural inclinations and socially useful activity. In these dreams there is no philosophy of renunciation, no opposition between the concepts of happiness and duty, love and "work". Only the intervention of hostile circumstances, an inert environment, inhumane moral laws, categories that are not eternal and subject to change, makes Lavretsky reconcile. But when, finally, a turning point in his life took place, when “he really stopped thinking about his own happiness, selfish goals,” when he became a good master, he, feeling like a finished man, had already left the historical stage.

The image of Turgenev's beloved heroine is the development of the writer's cherished thoughts that arose as early as 1856, but became much more complicated during the 4th period of the creation of the Noble Nest. Turgenev not only admires Lisa, but also judges her. He sees not only the strengths of her moral convictions, but also the destructive power of the religious principles that brought her up. Not only feminine, but also strong, not only feeling, but also reflecting, Liza goes to the monastery, without bringing happiness to anyone with her act. Moreover, the cruel intransigence of her religious convictions morally disarms Lavretsky. Meanwhile, in the character of Lisa, there are forces that could be better used.

The change in the moods and views of the writer between 1856 and 1859 was also reflected in his correspondence over the years, in particular in Turgenev's letters to E. E. Lambert, a person who was very close to the writer for a number of years, and especially during the creation of the Noble Nest.

The history of the creation of the work "Asya".

The story was published in the January issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1858 under the heading “Asya. N.N.'s story.

The qualities of Turgenev, an artist and a psychologist, appeared in the story "Asya", in which the author, in essence, reveals the weaknesses of the character developed on the basis of noble liberalism.

Asya is one of the most poetic female images of Turgenev. She is the daughter of a serf peasant woman and a landowner. This explains her behavior: she is shy, does not know how to behave in society. After the death of her mother, the girl is left to herself, she early begins to think about the contradictions of life, about everything that surrounds her. Asya is also close to other female characters in Turgenev's works.

In the image of Asya, the idea of ​​duty takes on a peculiar twist. Her demands for life are both very great and very simple. She seems strange and unnatural precisely because she does not like the ordinary life of people in her circle. She dreams of an active, exalted and noble life. Her attention is attracted by simple people, she, apparently, sympathizes and at the same time envies them.

Asya is given in the story through the perception of the master, on behalf of whom the story is being told. N.N. meets her while traveling in Germany. Her peculiar charm awakens love in him. Asya herself, for the first time in her life, is faced with such a feeling. The hero seems to her an extraordinary person, a real hero. Love gives her new strength, inspires faith in life. It seemed to Asya that she had met an “extraordinary person”, and she was ready to subordinate him to her own fate. But she was wrong. The one she thought was a hero wasn't really one. And this meant that the combination of achievement and personal happiness was impossible, that achievement for her was conceivable only as self-denial.

Her chosen one turns out to be a weak-willed and indecisive person, he cannot adequately respond to her passionate feelings. Asya's determination frightens him, and N.N. leaves her. The first love of the heroine is unhappy.

Relevance of the topic.

Every girl in her interesting life at least twice experiences such a state when she is beautiful, elegant, refined, luxurious, her eyes are full of tenderness, and her heart is decisive! It is at these moments that she resembles a true "Turgenev girl": on the day of graduation and marriage.

The whole image is complete: long puffy openwork dresses of delicate colors and intricate cut; hair gathered in amusing hairstyles with beads and pastel colors. And not only the external description fits that era, but also the inner state itself, when a girl behaves with dignity, feeling all her charm, all her charm, all the value of her soul and beauty. At the moments of these significant events, a part of the inner world changes for a while, as these are one of the culminations of human lives. Girls behave like a lady, but at the same time, such changes require some audacity, determination, self-esteem. This is the state of "complete happiness."

And the descriptions of these images are so close to the image of the “Turgenev girl” that the disclosure of this topic becomes exciting, but at the same time understandable for readers. And that means the topic is relevant!

"Turgenev girl"... This term hides so many captivating qualities of the soul, heroism and drama. Turgenev saturates all heroines not with external features, but with an extraordinary inner world, which, on the contrary, contradicts the appearance of girls: external fragility and internal strength. But it is to this image that one can apply the expressions “ideal beauty” and “integrity of personality”, which is one of the qualities of Ivan Sergeevich’s works.

The image is incredibly contrasting. Purity of soul, decency, amazing upbringing, kindness, tenderness, velvety, vulnerability ... All these qualities oppose a sharp mind, courage, determination, desperation, pride and self-esteem.

Two in one: angel and demon, fire and water. The instability of character is the "zest" that interests and absorbs readers in Turgenev's works, leaving an irresistible mark on their memory.

In addition, another feature is that the heroines are much stronger in spirit than the men around them. This gives a touch of modernity, relevance to his story, since it is in our time that we can give the most striking example of such an “overweight” in the direction of a woman.

All this gives us the right to boldly assert that his images are among the most poetic in Russian literature.

To substantiate all these conclusions, I took three works by Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev: “Asya”, “Rudin”, “Noble Nest”, since these are the female images that appear before us: Asya, Natalya Lasunskaya and Liza Kalitina.

Asya, who in many ways resembled the writer's daughter, is an open, interesting, proud, passionate girl, with an unusual, but rather pleasant appearance, spontaneity and elegance, characteristic of noble ladies. But her peasant origin adds shyness and inability to stay in society. This is what distinguishes her from the heroines of other stories. But even Begbeder Frederik said: “Even the most ugly woman hides a treasure,” and Asya is undoubtedly valuable as a person. Her moral purity, sincerity, ability to strong passions, the dream of a feat make her related.

In addition, her chosen one turns out to be a weak-willed and indecisive person, he cannot adequately respond to her passionate feelings, and love inspires the heroine, gives her new strength, inspires faith in life. The heroine is again morally stronger. Passing through many trials: the death of her father, not a noble origin, loneliness, unhappy love, she becomes inwardly richer. No wonder they say: “What doesn’t kill us makes us stronger!” The end of the story can be assessed in different ways.

The next representative of this group is Natalya Lasunskaya. Brought up, modest, gentle, smart beyond her years, with a rich inner world, capable of sincere feelings, of self-sacrifice in the name of love, restrained, neat, dreamy, a little secretive, but at the same time passionate and hot. Unlike Asya, Natalya is from a noble family, and therefore she is so educated, she is fond of embroidery on canvas, reading, horses.

The eloquent Rudin made a huge impression on Natalya, but her feelings are far from simple curiosity and blind admiration. She saw in Rudin a person with a rich soul and intellect, capable of bright, significant, undoubtedly beneficial deeds. But Rudin treats the heroine like a child, which further excites the mind of the "young noblewoman."

And again, as a weak-willed and insecure person, the hero behaved in a situation that required him to take an instant and decisive action. And Natalya is so magnificent in her “hot” impulse at the last meeting with Rudin, and how low and pathetic Rudin himself is, who did not even make an attempt to change the situation or at least give a chance, provide a momentary moment of happiness. But Natalya, even being in a frustrated state, finds strength in herself and thanks for the lesson she has learned.

And the heroine, in the course of the plot, still appears to us as a strong-willed and whole nature, confident in herself, in her words, in her actions, proving her belonging to the image of the “Turgenev girl” and causing respect and sympathy.

Like Natalya, Liza Kalitina is a provincial young lady who plays the piano every day, which emphasizes the beauty of her soul, and obeys her mother in everything. But this girl is not so simple. Her soul is pure and untouched, she is religious. It is she who can be cited as proof of the phraseologism of Rousseau Jean-Jacques: "The kingdom of a woman is the kingdom of tenderness, subtlety and tolerance." But at the same time, Turgenev admires the strength of her character, her uncompromisingness, moral purity. It is these qualities that are inherent in Turgenev's heroines.

When Liza realized that she loved Lavretsky, nothing could shake her, because a girl like her loves once and for all her life. But the news of the false death of Lavretsky's wife pushes this determined girl to leave for a monastery.

The heroines prove their consciousness with each of their actions. They own their destiny and are ready to make decisions.

Used Books:

  1. I. S. Turgenev “Asya. The story of N. N. "
  2. I. S. Turgenev "Rudin"
  3. I. S. Turgenev "Nest of Nobles"
  4. I. S. Turgenev "Complete Works and Letters"
  5. R. Desse“The Twilight of Love. Travels with Turgenev»
  6. I.S. Turgenev "On the Eve"
  7. V. G. Fridlyand "Turgenev's Tale"

The heroine of Turgenev's novels, You are arrogant, gentle and pure, There is so much calm autumn in you From the alley where the sheets are circling. N.S. Gumilyov
Why was Turgenev able to create such a vivid image that has not faded for almost two centuries? The study of the psychology of a Russian person, his inner world, the Russian national character was very fascinated by the writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. "Beauty is spilled everywhere ... But nowhere does it shine with such force as in human individuality," he once wrote to Pauline Viardot. It was Turgenev who created a series of truly Russian female images that absorbed subtle femininity, romance and dreaminess along with extraordinary strength of character and self-sacrifice. In his works, Turgenev captured the image of a Russian woman at the moment of her spiritual awakening, at the time when she began to realize herself as a person: "... what is a Russian woman? What is her fate, her position in the world - in a word, what is her life ?" Turgenev's heroine is not satisfied with ordinary household chores, she "requires a lot from life, she reads, dreams ... about love ... but for her this word means a lot." She is waiting for a hero, in whom everything is embodied for her: If it were not for him, we would not have known for a long time The suffering of a woman's loving soul, Her cherished thoughts, mute sadness; Only with him for the first time sounded for us Those songs that lurked in silence. He disturbed the stagnant waters of silence, He gave a loud answer to secret requests, He brought a woman out of darkness into the light, Into a wide world of aspirations and consciousness, On the path of living delights, battles and troubles. (K. Balmont)
Turgenev's heroine grew up among forests and fields, she thinks and reads a lot, she has a rich inner world, into which she is in no hurry to let outsiders in. She is not very attractive in appearance, and to a young man accustomed to secular brilliance, it may seem completely ugly. Despite the fact that her circle of acquaintances is limited, she is well versed in people and can distinguish the true from the ostentatious. Among the young people around her, she will unmistakably choose the one who is ready to serve a noble idea, while she is ready to follow him to the ends of the world. Outwardly, she seems weak and gentle, but if necessary, she shows a very strong character, determination, and determination. The male hero is usually weaker than her. Even Pushkin emphasized in a woman the moral advantages of strength, whole and pure characters, which placed her above the "superfluous people" of the noble intelligentsia. Turgenev deepens and develops this contradiction, opposition. "No matter how much you knock on nature's door, it will not respond with an understandable word, because it is dumb ... A living soul - it will respond, and mainly a female soul." These words of Shubin from the first chapter of "On the Eve" are justified by all Turgenev's novels. It is Natalya who "responds" to Rudin's call; it was Lisa who was most excited by the life drama of Lavretsky, and she answered his love; it was Elena, leaving her relatives and homeland, who went with Insarov to fight. Almost everywhere in Turgenev's love, the initiative belongs to the woman; her pain is stronger and her blood is hotter, her feelings are sincere, more devoted than those of educated young people. A Russian woman is always looking for heroes, she imperatively demands submission to the power of passion. She herself feels ready for sacrifice and demands it from another; when her illusion of a hero disappears, she has no choice but to be a heroine, to suffer, to act. The novelist endows his heroines with features of captivating femininity, which is reflected not only in a sweet appearance, but also in spiritual softness and grace. Delicacy here does not mean spinelessness. A distinctive feature of Turgenev's female images lies precisely in the fact that, despite their outward softness, they retain complete intransigence in relation to the conservative environment that brought them up. In all of them, the "fire" burns in spite of their relatives, their families, who only think about how to put out this fire. They are all independent and live "their own lives." The image of the "Turgenev young lady" has been greatly transformed over a century and a half. Similar characters appeared in the books of other Russian writers - for example, Chekhov or Bulgakov. They had quite a lot in common with Turgenev's heroines. Over time, this expression has become household. Its meaning has changed significantly. Now this is what they call romantic, overly sensitive young ladies, about whom one can say that they are not of this world. In the modern language, there has been a partial confusion of the image with the characteristics of the "muslin young lady" - nervous, unadapted to real life. Most likely for this reason, the expression "Turgenev's girl" has a different meaning for modern writers than for the author. "The heroes of Turgenev are sketchy, and the famous Turgenev women evoke any feelings, except for the desire to get to know them," wrote the ironic Sergei Dovlatov. For the vast majority of the townsfolk, the image of the Turgenev girl is associated with some kind of infantile creature, always in a modest dress with a long girlish braid, waiting for the Prince Charming on her porch. But this image bears little resemblance to the image of Asya, the same girl that Turgenev described in the story of the same name, which gave its name to the definition of "Turgenev's girl". The modern Turgenev girl, rather, looks exactly like Asya. She is selfish. Dreams of an active life, active and sublime. Her chosen one, according to her plan, should help her in everything, just as she is ready to give him all of herself, worshiping and bowing. This moral and pure nature is capable of strong passions, it dreams of a feat so that life does not pass unnoticed and without a trace. She has a fairly high self-esteem, but she makes the same high demands on her chosen one. And even here she is not ready to exchange for trifles - she is ready to wait for him as long as she has enough strength, without thinking that the girl’s beautiful age is not so long.
The world does not stand still, and modern ideas about the Turgenev girl are also undergoing changes. And this is where the delusion of many lies, for whom the Turgenev girl is a wordless quiet girl who accidentally wandered into the present from the noble nineteenth century. Yes, this girl differs from the rest both in her character and in her desire to find the only one, to truly love and be loved. But in the modern world, these girls live quite comfortably, they are often quite successful at work, in addition to tightly buttoned Puritan dresses, they can afford trousers, jeans, and sneakers. Such girls are widely represented in the books of the genre of romantic prose by both domestic and foreign authors. And in the famous Scarlett O'Hara, if you look closely, you can find many features of Turgenev's heroines. In the English writer Jojo Moyes, the most popular now in Russia, images of sublime and purposeful girls can be found in almost every book. In the 8th issue of the Friendship of Peoples magazine for 2018, under the heading "Turgenev girls in the information storm", the opinions of Belgorod high school students were published. Yes, many young men and women doubt that "Turgenev's girls are now meeting." However, more than half of those who spoke are sure that such girls, "a little strange, obscene and great romantics" exist, moreover, a special, Turgenev-like lives in every girl. Ovcharova Maria, 9c: "At all times, people are the same in nature. Evil and kind. Mean and generous, sad and cheerful. Of course, something changes in character, behavior, understanding of the world. But the essence remains the same. We live in age of information, technology and promiscuity.Many people do not even try to improve, set goals.Digging into this endless information flow of information, we become weak-willed vegetables.But I met many girls who have principles, values ​​and high goals.They read a lot, develop comprehensively. They dream and go to the dream. Existing in our century, when vulgarity and vulgarity are imposed, a girl who tries to achieve her ideals accomplishes a feat."
She is not as beautiful as Rostova - the Countess with the Russian spirit in Tolstoy. It does not have the charm of Larina Tatyana, Whose virtue Pushkin defends zealously. Turgenev girl. Where does this miracle come from in Russian literature? "Her whole being strove for the truth." Character, appearance, behavior, disposition whether Turgenev reflected truthfully, And this diva is surprisingly pleasant. Her soul was waiting, "was torn, languished, Like a bird fought alone in a cage." The anguish of her agitated soul Called to freedom from the empty wilderness. In it, overflowing with deeds of thirst, Everyone could find complicity. Her face is charming, not dull, "And everything in it is subtle, smart, sweet." With an exalted pure soul, She does not seek rest for herself. In love, she is rather an adventurer, She rushes to her on the verge of risk. Turgenev girl. You hardly ever met such a virgin in your life ... (