Presentation of the world of school nicknames. Educational and research project “The world of school nicknames. Personal attitude to the nickname

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Project stages

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Own name

• a kind of social sign
• word talisman
• given without the participation of the carrier

HISTORY OF NICKNAMES

• Until the 10th century, the personal names of our ancestors were various signs of people, their actions, as well as objects of the outside world: Zavyal - lethargic, Balush - a prankster, Yaruha - evil, Batura - stubborn.
• After the baptism of Rus' in the 10th century, among Russians and other Eastern Slavs, the church introduced personal names in honor of Orthodox saints: Alexander, Peter (Greek), Victor, Marina, Tatyana (Latin); Svyatoslav, Love (glor.)
• After the adoption of Christianity, “pre-Christian” names began to be given as nicknames for appearance, physical defects, certain qualities, at the place of residence, because of superstitions: nicknames for the village of Reshetikha: Karsaki, Pirozhok, Bagel.

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What is a nickname?

A nickname is a name given to a person according to some of his characteristic features, properties.

(Dictionary edited by S.I. Ozhegov)

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What is the difference between a nickname and a name?

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Groups of nicknames

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School nicknames

Nicknames are an extremely important part of the world of children. They are invented by children for children and exist in all schools, in all classes, towns and villages. Sometimes a nickname is so firmly attached to a person that they generally cease to be called by name. There are quite popular nicknames - Crybaby, Sneak, Small, Gray.

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Students consider...

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CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOL NICKNAMES OF STUDENTS

• If earlier nicknames were given by the name or profession of the ancestor and were inherited, now most of the nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their surnames and names, for example, Kulasha (Sergey Kulagin), Dron (Alexander Doronichev), Hottabych (Anton Khabarov), Suslik (Anya Suleymanova ), Karas (Mikhail Karimov), Simon (Evgeny Simonov), Matvey (Sergey Matveev).
• In second place are the nicknames given to schoolchildren by their appearance: 220 volts, Doggie, Long-legged, Poodle.
• The next place is occupied by nicknames given to deeds, character traits and, depending on the occasion: Pushkobruk, Garik, Valya, Get-fan.

Some of the guys chose nicknames for themselves - nicknames used in Internet communication: cafe, Niki, Kenny, dj Mix.

Nicknames are created by schoolchildren very actively, which is explained by the psychological properties of children of adolescence - the desire for the unusual, the new.

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Summarize

• The nickname of a person is something more than just a means of communication. A nickname can arise both as a result of a long observation of a person, and instantly, by chance, when a well-spoken word is picked up by others.
• Like many other social phenomena, the system of nicknames is not only a form of solidarity, but also, for example, teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult.
• Someone who comes up with nicknames is allowed to be given nicknames by the children's community. Everyone else's attempts end in failure.
• After analyzing our school nicknames, finding out the reason for their appearance, we would like to help the guys not react to them painfully and, if necessary, turn to the advice of a psychologist.

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Speaking about the accuracy of the folk language, one cannot but recall the wonderful words of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol:

“The Russian people are expressing themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and offspring, he will drag him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to St. Petersburg, and to the ends of the world. And no matter how cunning you later ennoble your nickname, even if you force writing people to derive it for hire from an ancient princely family, nothing will help: it will croak for itself at the top of its crow’s throat, and will clearly tell where the bird flew from. And there is nothing to add later, what kind of nose or lips you have - with one line you are already outlined from head to toe.

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References

1. Golanova E.I. How do words come about? - M., 1989.
2. Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. - M., 1983.
3. Kodukhov V.I. Synonym stories. - M., 1984.
4. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.
5. Rosenthal D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - M., 1976.
6. Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1984.
7. Shansky N.M. Words born in October. - M., 1980.

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MOU "Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 38"

Section Linguistics

THE WORLD OF SCHOOL NICKNAMES

Research project on the Russian language

Completed: Artyushin Danil,7 Class

Scientific adviser:

Sidorova Anzhela Anatolyevna, teacher of Russian language and literature.

Saransk, 2014

Content

Introduction 3

1. Choice of topic-problem 4

1.1. Area of ​​study, object of study 4

1.2. Relevance of the topic 4

1.3. Statement of the purpose and objectives of the study 5

1.4. Stages of research. Research Methods 5

2. Theoretical studies 6

2.1. From the history of own name 6

2.2. The difference between a name and a nickname 6

2.3. From the history of the nickname 7

2.4. Features of a nickname as a linguistic phenomenon 9

2.5. The emergence of nicknames in the school environment 10

3. Practical research 11

Conclusion 16

Conclusion 17

List of used literature 18

Introduction

amazing people

Responding to the nickname-

Forgot the names!

Tell Ryabchikov: "Vitya!"

He will decide: others are called

Well, call "Ryabchik"

Vitya is right there

Tomato Tatiana

Say: "Tanya!" - silence

"Tomato!" - will immediately become

She is all attention.

Kolya-Bantik, Katya-Chudik,

Lena Strunova-Struna.

…Amazing People:

Forgot the names!

V. Toptygin

The name of a Russian person consists of three parts: first name, patronymic, last name. But it's official. Unofficially, there are other categories, in particular, nicknames. A nickname is a name given to a person as a joke, as a mockery, usually containing an indication of some noticeable feature of his character, appearance, and activity. It is given in order to distinguish a person from the crowd, draw attention to him, emphasize his individuality.

Nicknames accompany some people all their lives: from school to old age. Nicknames or nicknames sometimes distinguish those named from others, as there may be people with the same surnames, names. We must not forget that nicknames most often have a negative connotation. Nicknames often directly and directly characterize a person, while it is also distinctive that nicknames are not announced directly, unlike names, patronymics and surnames that belong to the official sphere of use and are not associated with figurative emotional experiences. Nicknames are burdened with various additional meanings, so they are especially interesting and, of course, need to be studied in detail. Recently, onomastics (the science of names) has attracted increasing interest from linguists, but some of its areas are still underdeveloped. Nicknames are such a little studied species in the category of anthroponyms. Studies of modern nicknames were based mainly on dialect vocabulary, and only in recent years linguists have paid attention to the nicknames that exist in various groups of our society. And now the question arises of clarifying the boundaries of the concept. In addition, the material itself (criteria for identifying this type of anthroponyms) is highly heterogeneous, so there is still no single typology of nicknames.

I, a schoolboy, are very interested in nicknames, everyone has and had them. Therefore, my research is devoted to the study of nicknames. Collection and classification of nicknames by reason of their origin. The research was carried out in the middle and classes: which of the students have nicknames, the reasons for their origin. What percentage of students have nicknames. It should be borne in mind that some nicknames are perceived as offensive, therefore, informants, as a rule, were not so much the direct bearers of nicknames, but rather persons who were not closely related to them.

The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere, and acquaintance with this phenomenon will help to expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language as a whole. Nicknames are widespread among schoolchildren. The study of schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things next to you.

1. Choosing a topic-problem

1.1.

Field of study - proper names as a layer of vocabulary, closely related to the life of every person.

Object of study - a system of nicknames that exists in school adolescence at a given period of time.

Research Base - students of grades 5-8 of the MOU "Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 38"

1.2. Relevance:

Nicknames are widespread among schoolchildren, but their origin, features are little studied and insufficiently represented in school textbooks of the Russian language.

The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere, and acquaintance with this phenomenon will help to expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language as a whole.

The study of schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things next to you.

1.3. Purpose of the study

To study the presence of nicknames and the peculiarities of their origin among schoolchildren in grades 5-8, to analyze the attitude towards nicknames.

Hypothesis

There is an opinion that a nickname is an eternal category, it exists always and everywhere, nicknames are especially widespread among schoolchildren. Is it so?

Tasks:

To study popular science literature on this topic;

Conduct a survey to study the features of nicknames;

Make a card index of school nicknames;

Find out if all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;

Determine the origin of the nicknames when they appeared;

1.4. Research stages

September – Organizational stage (study of popular science literature, selection of theoretical material);

October – The main stage (conducting a survey, processing the results)

November – Final stage (description of the results of the project, execution of work)

Research methods:

Information collection method (study of popular science literature, observation);

Questioning;

Interview;

Response processing methods:

Comparison;

- statistical research (counting, calculations);

analysis and generalization of data;

2. Theoretical information

2.1. From the history of own name

The names of people are part of the history of the people. Every person living on Earth has at least one name. The name of a person is a kind of social sign. They are to be valued. History knows many examples when, for the right to bear this or that name or surname, there was a fierce struggle. Even in sparsely civilized tribes, the nameless man loses many of his rights. A simple example: among the Kwakiutl Indians, a borrower must pledge not anything, but his name! And until he returns the debt, all members of the tribe consider this person nameless and do not call him by name.

When parents choose a name for a child, they want it to be kind, affectionate, memorable, so that, like a verbal talisman, it calls to be happy and wise.

A name is given to a person at birth, and the person himself does not determine what his name will be. At a certain period of life, a person, in addition to the name given at birth, is given a nickname. Why is this happening?

2.2. Name difference from nicknames

A proper name has a general meaning, not indicating a distinctive feature of people who share the same name. In addition, people with different external signs and different internal qualities can have the same name. The connection between the name and the person who bears this name is very vague and approximate. Speakers do not know why this person is called that way and not otherwise. As confirmation of this, an excerpt from the fairy tale by L. Carroll "Alice Through the Looking Glass":

"My name is Alice and I...

- Pretty stupid name! Humpty interrupted her impatiently. - What does it mean?

- Is the name supposed to mean anything? asked Alice, puzzled.

"Undoubtedly," Humpty Dumpty snorted. - Personally, my name indicates the form that is inherent in me. Awesome shape! And with a name like yours, you can be whatever shape you want, even the ugliest.”

2.3. From the history of nicknames.

All proper names are derived from common nouns. How did it happen? Researchers say that for this it is necessary to look deep into the centuries and trace the history of the appearance in Rus' of “simple Russian names”.

Everyone knows about a major event at the end of the 10th century - the baptism of Rus', which took place during the years of manifestation of the Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. The adoption by Ancient Russia of Christianity as the state religion, secured by the marriage of Vladimir with the Byzantine princess Anna, contributed to the strengthening of Rus''s international relations. At the same time, Christian names were borrowed from Byzantium, which began to be given to people by the church (at baptism). These names were called real and were recorded in special books "Saints". What were the Byzantine names? The Greeks of the Byzantine era collected the best names by common noun. The list includes ancient Roman and Hebrew names. If we begin to consider Christian (canonical) names according to the meaning of the words from which they originated, we will immediately notice their own characteristics in them. Almost all names of ancient Greek origin emphasize moral and physical virtues in people.Andrey - "courageous", Sofia - "wise" . The Romans also note the good in people:Victor - "winner", Valery - "healthy" . Hebrew is addressed to God:Michael - "equal to God", Elijah - "the power of God" .

So, the old Russian names arose on foreign soil and were artificially transplanted into Russia in the 10th century. They were difficult to pronounce. All names were changed and became similar to other words of the Russian language.Dionysius - Denis, Theodore - Fedor. Among the names borrowed from Byzantium, there were those that in Russian turned out to be consonant with common nouns. These include:Mardarius, Carp, Sosius, Usfazan, Urvan, Makrina . It is especially easy to come up with all sorts of teasers and nicknames for such names.

After the revolution, after the separation of church and state, name-creation begins. People sought to reflect the revolutionary events, as well as the ideology, moods and paraphernalia of the revolution:Revolution, October, Iskar, Barricade, Electrification, Tractor. In the 30s, names associated with the reality of that time come. These are compound names:Yunarm (young army), Isolda (from ice), Gertrude (hero of labor). By the names of chemical elements and alloys:Radium, Helium, Steel. Names were given in honor of the heroes of books, movies. Now the "main backbone" is Russian names. began to returnEgory, Pavel, Nastya, Daria.

And what was before, before the adoption of Christianity? Did the Russians have names? Certainly they were. And the most interesting thing is that many of those old pre-Christian names that have been preserved in the annals, in various letters, are very similar to the nicknames given to each other by children:Redhead, Lame, Lanky, Stutterer, Egghead, Eccentric, Bully . Now these names seem ridiculous to us. The bulk of the names were given according to the physical and moral properties of people, according to various circumstances of their lives.

Expecting a child in the family:Zhdan, Love.

In order of birth of children:Pervusha (first), Shestak (sixth) Bolshak (eldest son), Menshak (youngest son).

To protect the child from the action of evil forces, they gave such names:Woe, Failure, Sick, Dung, Dog's ear.

Many old Russian names somehow separated people, reflecting the properties of their character, appearance, physical defects. According to these signs, the greatest number of names and nicknames were given. They were not shy about obscene nicknames, not thinking about the attitude of the called person towards them: . Many old Russian names somehow separated people, reflecting the properties of their character, appearance, physical defects. According to these signs, the greatest number of names and nicknames were given. They were not shy about obscene nicknames, not thinking about the attitude of the called person towards them:Beznos, Grey-haired, Hoarse, Silent .

Here are some Russian names-characteristics:

According to the person's appearance:Mal, Bel, Oblique, Pockmarked, Curly, Chernysh, Milava, Nekras;

by character trait:Kind, Brave, Proud, Molchan, Bayan, Clever, Nesmeyana, Annoyance;

place in the family:First, Second, Drugan, Tretyak, Zhdan, Nechay, Menshak, Elder, Nezhdana;

by profession:Kozhemyak, Furrier;

at the place of residence:Peasant, Kazanian, Wise

by social position:Rich, Fisherman, Buffoon

according to the features of a person’s lifestyle or speech:Dog Old age (one old man repeated this phrase).

Some may not believe in their authenticity, they will say that these are nicknames, nicknames. But these are really the names of our ancestors. And in Ancient Rus' there was no difference between a name and a nickname.

These Russian names from the 15th century begin to turn into nicknames.

Such is the fate of anthroponyms. There was a transformation of proper names into common nouns. This phenomenon is called deanthroponization.

By the nicknames of the 15th - 17th centuries, you can learn a lot of interesting things: what dishes were cooked (Borsch, Kissel ) what they wore (Lapot, Deryuga, Run (rags) what were the household items(Golik - a broom without leaves, Kulema - a trap, a trap, Kopyl - part of a spinning wheel) , what were the relations between people, that is, ancient nicknames help to get to know the life of Russia in the past, which means that modern nicknames can tell a lot to our descendants.

So, the age of nicknames is quite solid - about 9 centuries. They are very mobile. They can not only disappear, be replaced by others that are completely unrelated to the first, but also give rise to new ones.

A nickname is an informal name for a person. Unlike a name, a nickname reflects the real properties and qualities of a person, thus fixing the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others.

The dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov gives the following definition:A nickname is a name given to a person according to some of his characteristic features, properties. Particular interest in the problem of nicknames arises in the 50-70s. At this time, studies were published one after another, in which nicknames were no longer simply described, but also analyzed. All studies can be divided into 2 groups. The first includes those works in which researchers are trying to define the very concept of "nickname". To the second - those in which the authors relate to the history of the origin of nicknames. And now the question arises of clarifying the boundaries of the concept. In addition, the material itself (criteria for identifying this type of anthroponyms) is highly heterogeneous, so there is still no single typology of nicknames.

2.4. Features of nicknames as a linguistic phenomenon

A nickname is an eternal phenomenon, it exists always and everywhere and can occur in any team. Even in a randomly assembled group of people (in a store, at a train station), one of those present can easily get a nickname, standing out from the crowd with their appearance, conspicuous behavior, mobility, speech, etc. Such nicknames do not live long. People disperse, and the nickname is forgotten. But where people constantly communicate with each other, nicknames can be stable. Nicknames are stable for some people with a characteristic appearance or mannerisms.

N.V. Gogol wrote:“The Russian people are expressing themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and offspring, he will drag him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to St. Petersburg, and to the ends of the world, and then no matter how cunning and ennoble your field, - nothing will help: the nickname will croak for itself at the top of its crow's throat and will clearly say where the bird flew from. (“Dead Souls”, vol. 1, ch. 5)

2.5. The emergence of nicknames in the school environment

For the first time in life, children receive nicknames from their parents and close people. Each small child is given different names, none of which is his official name (peanut, egoza, bib ).

There are personal and group nicknames (family, tribal, collective). For example,"Primers" (primary school children - a collective nickname). But how do nicknames come about? Research by scientists has shown that there are four basic principles for the origin of nicknames: by appearance, by place of birth, by character, by type of activity. But there are other nominations: for physical, intellectual qualities, for events or occasions in life.

As a rule, a nickname appears in a person during adolescence. Nicknames are an extremely important part of the world of children. Nicknames are invented by children for children and become an example of a subtle and sophisticated system. The functions that they perform in this case:

Promotion of microcommunity leaders,

Separation from the group of rejected people,

Distinguishing children with the same name,

Emphasizing ancestral lineage

teasing and humiliation

Showing affection.

A person has been faced with a nickname since childhood. Now, in modern life, these names are unofficial, they are not written down in business papers, as in ancient times, and are used, as a rule, in a small team. Nicknames may vary from group to group. Most often, nicknames are used by children. This is a kind of language game, during which new words are invented, which are: 1) a person’s own names (that is, names); 2) words containing the characteristics of a person.

3. Practical research

Nicknames are an integral part of the life of schoolchildren, an important component of their communication. They define interpersonal relationships within the school community, succinctly and succinctly characterize the bearer and author of the nickname, and the specifics of the situation in which the naming takes place. It is these factors that determined the relevance of my work.

3.1. I collected material for the study in the form of questionnaires and interviews. As part of a practical study, 120 students in grades 5-8, parents and teachers were interviewed. The following questions were asked:

Questionnaire

1 . Surname. Name. Surname.

2. Class.

3. Do you have a nickname?

4. What is your nickname?

5. When did you get it? (at school (class), before school)

6. Who gave you the nickname?

7. In connection with what it appeared to you? (according to family data, according to appearance, according to character trait, according to tribal tradition, the incident that happened to you served as another)

8. Have you changed your nickname?

9. Do you find it offensive?

10. Do you call someone by their first name?

11. Have you given anyone a nickname?

12. How do you feel about the fact that you have a nickname? (offended, do not pay attention, treat with humor, be proud)

13. Do you know all the nicknames of the students in your class?

14. Do you know the nicknames of children from other classes?

3.2.

have a nickname 54% ;

do not have a nickname 46%

The most nicknames for 7th grade students - 16, which is 22.2%, and the least for 6th grade students - 10, which is 13.9%, in the 8th grade, 14 of the respondents named their nickname, it is 19.5%.

3.3. The emergence of a nickname.

Nickname given at school - 31 people (44%) Nickname given outside of school - 7 people (10%)

3.4. Attitude to the nickname.

Offended - 7 people - 18% Used to, do not pay attention - 13 people - 34%

Proud - 6 people - 16%

With humor - 12 people - 31%

3.5. They prefer to be called:

By name - 49 people (70%)

Nickname - 6 people (9%)

Anyway - 15 people (21%)

3.6. Finding out the presence of nicknames among schoolchildren in grades 5-8

3.7. Ways of forming nicknames

The smallest number of nicknames (9.7%) is formed just like that, most likely it is a kind of nickname created for communication on social networks:Blonde, Pill, Squirrel, Ben, Andryukha, Crabe, Handsome, Button, Ponochka

The second group of nicknames (11.1%) are nicknames formed from personal names:Yusha - Julia, Evge - Evgeny, Vantus - Ivan, Bagdik, Bo - Bogdan, Timati, Timon - Timofey, Semechka - Semyon, Yana - Monkey, Gray, Earring - Sergey This group of nicknames most often rhymes with the name.

The third group of nicknames (16.7%) are nicknames given by the external signs of a person, by behavior, by character:Bunny (cute, accommodating), Boar (large build), Baby, Button (small), Ears (due to protruding ears), Beauty (due to appearance), Tisha (very calm), Angry (evil) Tot (small , chubby), Egoza (mobile), Bear (large, clumsy), Wolf (lonely), Box (dense, striving to save everything), Miser (greedy), Porcupine (once came to school with disheveled hair), Sweetie (loves sweets ), Chupa Chups (constantly sucking candy), Dwarf Nose (small), Shabby (teeth like a beaver), Click (talks a lot), Computer, Internet (knows a lot), Pompom (wore a hat with a pom pom), Nerd (obsessed with studies), Bald (short-haired), Speech therapist (having a speech impediment), Bespectacled man (wearing glasses). Some the nicknames of this group can also carry an extremely negative characterization; they bring a lot of bitter minutes. A vivid example is V. Zheleznikov's story "Scarecrow". The nickname has become one of the important factors in the attitude towards the main character, a 12-year-old girl, which almost led to tragedy. Lena, like her grandfather, attaches much more importance to the inner content and moral health of her personality than to her appearance. Experiencing distrust, envy, hostility, misunderstanding and even harshness on the part of surrounding teenagers, the betrayal of a boy who aroused in her a feeling of first love, Lena shows everyone an impressive example of disinterestedness, directness, human dignity. But everyone teased her Scarecrow.

The most numerous group of nicknames (18.1%) are family nicknames. They are widespread in the speech of modern schoolchildren. Nicknames from surnames most often do not have any emotional connotation, there is nothing offensive or especially pleasant in them: they are neutral, almost like names. And they are used most often to emphasize the friendly, close, friendly attitude of the one who addresses the bearer of the nickname. A common way to form family nicknames is

truncation:Goncharov - Potter, Konkin - Horse, Korolev - King , Ulanov - Ulan, Kuznetsov - Blacksmith, Lebedenko - Swan, Simakov - Simak, Saraikina - Shed, Bondareva - Bondar, Soldiers - Soldier, Komarov - Komarov, Zhuravlyova - Crane, Prikazchikova - Order, Karpenko-Karp, Morozov - Frost, Kalmykov - Kalmyk, Sheyanova - Neck, Volkova - Wolf, Znobishin - Chill, Most often, these nicknames do not carry an additional semantic load, but are formed to save speech means.

The next group of family nicknames are names formed with the help of diminutive suffixes:Rybkina - Rybka, Zakoryukina - Squiggle, Kazakov - Kazachok, Glazkov - Peephole, Ilyushkina - Ilyushka, Novichkov - Novichok, Pugovkin - Button,

Nicknames formed by isolating part of the surname and created in consonance with the name:Lizunova - Lisa, Vasiliev - Vasya, Gavrilova - Gavryusha, Davydov - Davyd, Nazarov - Nazar, Yashin - Yashka, Borisov - Boris, Grishin - Grishka, Fadeeva - Fadey, Magomedov - Magomed, Mishin - Mishan, Filippova - Filippok, Makarov - Makar, Rodichkin - Rodya, Romanov - Romanych, Nikitin - NikitA, Nikolaeva - Nikola, Kondrakova - Kondrat, Europeans - Eva, Fomin, Fominov, Fomicheva - Foma, Maruseva - Marusya.

Another way to form surname nicknames is to replace the surname with words by association, that is, by the proximity of concepts:Krasovsky - Sneaker, Kislov - Sour, Zhutyaeva - Zhuchka, Lupey - Lupa, Lapshin - Noodles, Kukuruzyak - Corn, Smirnov - Mirny, Kubantseva - Kuban, Kosterin - Bonfire, Peshekhonov - Foot, Sinitsyna - Tit, Vilkov - Fork, Kositsina - Kositsa, Potapkin - Potap, Skvortsova - Starling, Sapunov - Soup, Utkina - Duck, Kiseleva - Kissel, Buyankin - Buyan, Puchkova - Bundle, Sorokina - Magpie, Belov - Squirrel, Gorin - Gora, Bulgakov - Writer, Znobishin - Chill, Kukovalsky - Dolly, Trubnikv - Trumpet, Baibikova - BaiBai, Butakova - Butka, Feloktistov - Feo, Glukhov - Glukhar, Slesareva - Locksmith, Tsarev - Queen, Eliseev - King (because Korolevich Elisey), Grushev - Pear, Katkov, Kadkin - Skating rink, Smolina - Resin, Bashkaikin - Baska, Gudkova - Gudok, Tu-tu, Surkov - Marmot, Suryonok, Tyuryushkin - Tyurya, Galkina - Jackdaw.

3.8. Why do teenagers so often resort to nicknames? Don't names and nicknames perform a special function of psychological protection in the process of development of a person's personality? With these questions, I turned to the school psychologist. According to the psychologist, the nickname system has a huge impact on the processes of generating and maintaining the social order that children create within their autonomous children's community. A nickname can be both pleasant for a person, and it can also cause him terrible psychological trauma. But still, the main thing is the reaction of the person himself to the nickname. It depends on the temperament of the person - a melancholic, for example, will cry, and a choleric will get into a fight, as well as on the relationship with the person who gave the nickname. Basically, nicknames appear at a transitional age, from the age of 12, when it is very important for a person to communicate with others, because a nickname has a very important communicative function, and a nickname exchange becomes a kind of game. The psychologist believes that a nickname is always bad, because a person has his own name.

Conclusion

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is likely not only a form of solidarity, but also a source of other forms of social activity, such as teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult. Although the insult acts as a kind of recognition, while those approximately 48% of those who are denied a nickname are not recognized at all

Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases are known to a rather limited circle of people. For example, only to the class team or only to friends. Many people have several nicknames, and each of them seems to be associated with belonging to a particular group.

Who comes up with nicknames? The limited data available to linguists suggests that there is someone who has been given some kind of license to nickname by the children's community. Attempts by everyone else to invent nicknames, as a rule, end in failure. Having analyzed, found out, help not to react.

Conclusion

As a result of the research work, I came to the conclusion that nicknames are a very ancient and complex phenomenon in the Russian language, their sources are different, their destinies developed differently. Methods of formation of nicknames have undergone minor changes over the millennia. But their role is constantly changing. In the old days, nicknames occupied an important place in the official language, but gradually lost it. Now they are preserved only in an informal setting, but their role in establishing interpersonal relationships has appeared.In communication between teenagers and friends, the use of nicknames is convenient and interesting.Some nicknames are able to encourage self-education and self-development of their personal qualities, therefore, it is not necessary to eradicate the habit of giving inoffensive, comic nicknames, one should instill a culture of communication using their examples.

Of course, under no circumstances are rude and cruel nicknames, which are generated by a ruthless environment where there is no mutual respect, cordial closeness between people, but only the desire to humiliate, insult, are unacceptable. Such nicknames-nicknames are a symptom of a serious disease of lack of culture, with which one must fight.

Nicknames are especially widespread among schoolchildren, however, their origin, features are little studied and insufficiently represented in the scientific literature, and are not at all represented in school textbooks of the Russian language.

The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere, and acquaintance with this phenomenon will help to expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language and deepen knowledge of the Russian language as a whole.

The study of schoolchildren's nicknames allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things next to you.

Work on the topic allows you to find out the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames, and, therefore, it is possible to identify problems that arise in the process of communication of children when using nicknames.

Bibliography

Bondaletov V.D. Russian onomastics. – M.: Enlightenment, 1983.

Gogol N.V. Dead souls. – M.: Softizdat, 2007.

Golanova E.I. How do words come about? - M., 1989.

Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. - M., 1983.

Zheleznikov V.K. Scarecrow. – M.: Samovar, 2009.

Zhuravlev A.F. Ethnography in nicknames // Russian speech. 2009. №3.

Kartasheva I.Yu. Nicknames as a phenomenon of Russian oral folk art.- M., 1985

Kodukhov V.I. Synonym stories. - M., 1984.

Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Zepalova T.S. "Develop the gift of the word." - M., "Enlightenment", 1998

Personal names in the past, present and future. Problems of anthroponymy. Rep. ed. Nikolaev V.A. – M.: 1970.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.

Pavelyeva L., Maksimov V. Article “The coexistence of paganism and Christianity was reflected in the names and nicknames” / Radio Liberty website

Rosenthal D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - M., 1976.

Superanskaya A. V. What is your name? Where do you live? Moscow: Nauka, 1973

Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1984.

Uspensky L. You and your name. The name of your house. - L., 1985

Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" - M., 1987.

Chichagov V.K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames. - M., 1959.

Shansky N.M. Words born in October. - M., 1980.

http://blogs.mail.ru/ Article "Children's nicknames"

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname

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Studying additional literature, we learned that a special branch stands out in linguistics - onomastics, which studies its own names. The proper names of people are studied in its section - anthroponymy. Researches of scientists in these areas are quite widely presented in scientific manuals, but there is not enough information about proper names in the school course of the Russian language. The reasons for the emergence of nicknames have not been studied at all. When studying proper names in the 6th grade Russian language textbook in the vocabulary section, we find only one thing, that nicknames are written with a capital letter, no more information is given.

However, the study of nicknames is necessary, as nicknames are widespread in the school environment. Especially in adolescence. Sometimes they (nicknames) are the cause of disagreement and contention among schoolchildren, create difficulties in communication, as a schoolchild can evaluate his nickname as offensive.

This led to the choice of the topic of our research work: "The World of School Nicknames".

We have designated

Field of study- proper names as a layer of vocabulary, closely related to the life of every person.

Object of study- a system of nicknames that exists in school adolescence in a given period of time.

Research Base- students of grades 6-8 of MBOU secondary school No. 2 in Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region. We were interested in the problem of schoolchildren using nicknames

We consider this problem relevant:

Nicknames are the most common occurrence among schoolchildren;

The nature of the occurrence of nicknames is interesting, and acquaintance with this phenomenon can expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the language, i.e., deepen knowledge of the Russian language as a whole;

The study of the nicknames of schoolchildren allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, apply existing knowledge in practice, increase observation (find interesting and unexplored next to you);

Work on the topic of the study will help to find out the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames and identify communication problems among students.

The hypothesis that

Tasks:

1. Study popular science literature on this topic;

2. Conduct a survey to study the features of nicknames; 3. Make a file of school nicknames;

4. Find out if all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames;

5. Establish what is the origin of the nicknames when they appeared;

6. Analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames.

Research stages. Research methods

The study of popular science literature, the selection of theoretical material.

Conducting a survey, processing the results.

Writing a research paper.

Research methods:

Information collection method (study of popular science literature, observation);

Questioning;

Comparison;

Statistical studies (counting, calculations).

Theoretical informationFrom the history of your own name

The names of people are part of the history of the people. Every person living on Earth has at least one name. The name of a person is a kind of social sign. They are to be valued. History knows many examples when, for the right to bear this or that name or surname, there was a fierce struggle. Even in sparsely civilized tribes, the nameless man loses many of his rights. A simple example: among the Kwakiutl Indians, a borrower must pledge not anything, but his name! And until he returns the debt, all members of the tribe consider this person nameless and do not call him by name. When parents choose a name for a child, they want it to be kind, affectionate, memorable, so that, like a verbal talisman, it calls to be happy and wise. A name is given to a person at birth, and the person himself does not determine what his name will be. At a certain period of life, a person, in addition to the name given at birth, is given a nickname. Why is this happening?

The difference between names and nicknames

A proper name has a general meaning, not indicating a distinctive feature of people who share the same name. In addition, people with different external signs and different internal qualities can have the same name. The connection between the name and the person who bears this name is very vague and approximate. Speakers do not know why this person is called that way and not otherwise. As confirmation of this, an excerpt from the fairy tale by L. Carroll "Alice Through the Looking Glass": “- My name is Alice, and I ... - Pretty stupid name! Humpty interrupted her impatiently. - What does it mean? - Is the name supposed to mean anything? asked Alice, puzzled. "Undoubtedly," Humpty Dumpty snorted. - Personally, my name indicates the form that is inherent in me. Awesome shape! And with a name like yours, you can be whatever shape you want, even the ugliest.” A nickname is an informal name for a person. Unlike a name, a nickname reflects the real properties and qualities of a person, thus fixing the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. In the dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, the following definition is given: "A nickname is a name given to a person according to some characteristic feature, property." Before the adoption of Christianity in Rus', such names were common that reflected various properties and qualities of people, features of character, behavior, speech, physical strengths and weaknesses, the time and order of the appearance of a child in the family. For example, in ancient times (before the adoption of Christianity), Russians had personal names Bear, Wolf, Hare, Korob, Zhdan, Lesser, etc. After the adoption of Christianity, such names could be given as nicknames: Bear - a large strong man, Wolf - a lonely and to some extent predatory, Hare - a man of small stature, cowardly, Box - dense, striving to save everything. There were also nicknames by profession: Turner, Leatherworker, Carpenter. Such nicknames passed on to the descendants of the named and turned into surnames.

Features of nicknames as a linguistic phenomenon

A nickname is an eternal phenomenon, it exists always and everywhere and can occur in any team. Even in a randomly assembled group of people (in a store, at a train station), one of those present can easily get a nickname, standing out from the crowd with their appearance, conspicuous behavior, mobility, speech, etc. Such nicknames do not live long. People disperse, and the nickname is forgotten. But where people constantly communicate with each other, nicknames can be stable. Nicknames are stable for some people with a characteristic appearance or mannerisms. N.V. Gogol wrote: “The Russian people express themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and offspring, he will drag him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to St. Petersburg, and to the ends of the world, and then no matter how cunning and ennoble your field, - nothing will help: the nickname will croak for itself at the top of its crow's throat and will clearly say where the bird flew from. (“Dead Souls”, vol. 1, ch. 5) Children receive their first nicknames from their parents and close people. Each small child is endowed with different names, none of which is his official name (peanut, fidget, bib). There are personal and group nicknames (family, tribal, collective). For example, "primer books" (primary school children - a collective nickname). But how do nicknames come about? Research by scientists has shown that there are four basic principles for the origin of nicknames: by appearance, by place of birth, by character, by type of activity. But there are other nominations: for physical, intellectual qualities, for events or occasions in life. As a rule, a nickname appears in a person during adolescence. Nicknames are an extremely important part of the world of children. Nicknames are invented by children for children and become an example of a subtle and sophisticated system. The functions that they perform at the same time: - nomination of leaders of the microcommunity, - selection from the group of rejected people, - distinguishing children with the same names, - emphasizing the continuity along the ancestral line, - teasing and humiliation, - showing sympathy.

Practical research

1. Surname. Name. Surname. 2. Class. 3. Do you have a nickname? 4. What is your nickname? 5. When did you get it? (at school (class), before school) 6. Who gave you a nickname? 7. In connection with what did you get it? (according to family data, according to appearance, according to character trait, according to tribal tradition, the incident that happened to you served as another) 8. Did your nickname change? 9. Do you find him offensive? 10. Do you yourself call someone by their nickname? 11. Have you given anyone a nickname?12. How do you feel about the fact that you have a nickname? (take offense, do not pay attention, treat with humor, be proud) 13. Do you know all the nicknames of the students in your class? 14. Do you know the nicknames of children from other classes?

Having collected and analyzed information (254 students of grades 6-8 were interviewed) on the stated topic, we found the following: 32% of respondents have nicknames, 28% of them consider them offensive. 24% of the survey participants stated the need for this phenomenon, the rest were divided as follows: 45% define nicknames as unnecessary, and 31% are indifferent. Among the criteria by which nicknames are given, the features of the surname (50%) and first name (22%) prevail, but the appearance and actions divided the remaining percentages in half (14% each).

Previous studies have noted an increased level of student interest in giving and wearing nicknames, but now the results of the survey give the right to declare a decrease in the popularity of this phenomenon. 23% of respondents are proud of having a nickname or consider it popular, but 54% of students note disrespect or insult to their person, 31% agree with the existence of such a phenomenon in the children's team. It should be noted that with respect to age-class parallels, indicators of attitudes towards nicknames as a social phenomenon differ. So, for example, students in grade 6 (102 respondents) are actively involved in the definition of nicknames and especially emotionally react to their presence. But by the 8th grade (65 people took part in the survey), the indicators of active response to nicknames are decreasing and there is no need for them. But in each parallel, the majority of students believe that "a nickname is always bad, because a person has his own name."

How do nicknames affect children? (opinion of the school psychologist)

A nickname can be both pleasant for a person, and it can also cause him terrible psychological trauma. But the main thing is this reaction of the person himself to the nickname. It depends on the temperament of the person - a melancholic, for example, will cry, and a choleric will get into a fight, as well as on the relationship with the person who gave the nickname. Basically, nicknames appear at a transitional age, when communication with others is very important for a person, and nickname exchange becomes a kind of game. But sometimes a nickname is attached to a person in such a way that few people call him by his name, and the name, which itself contains emotional overtones, fades into the background. A nickname is not always bad, because a person has his own name.

Adviсe: 1. Do not give in to emotions, do not pay attention to offensive words; 2. Learn to respond to the offender so that he no longer has a desire to pester you; 3. Approach the offender and ask why he talks about you like that; 4. Never offend another, do not give him a nickname, because you can be in his place.

Conclusion

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is likely not only a form of solidarity, but also a source of other forms of social activity, such as teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult. Although the insult acts as a kind of recognition, in this case those who are denied a nickname are not recognized at all or hesitate to admit to having it.

Nicknames are given at different periods of life, and are most often known to a rather limited circle of people. For example, as studies have shown, only to the class team or only to friends. Some have several nicknames, each of which is associated with belonging to a particular group.

Who comes up with nicknames? There is someone to whom the children's collective has given a kind of right to assign nicknames. Attempts by everyone else to invent nicknames, as a rule, end in failure.

A nickname can be both pleasant to a person and inflict terrible psychological trauma on him. But the main thing is this reaction of the person himself to the nickname. As we can see, this phenomenon is ineradicable, therefore, it is necessary to learn how to control your emotions.

Bibliography

Gogol "Dead Souls". - M., 2004.

Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. - M., 1983.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1984.

Kodukhov V.I. Synonym stories. - M., 1984.

Carroll "Alice Through the Looking Glass"

Rosenthal D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - M., 1976.

Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. - M., 1984.

The secret power of the name. V.A.Mironov.- M., 2000.

Russian language textbook Grade 6: Razumovskaya M.M. Lvova S.I. Kapinos V.I. Lvov V.V.

Edition: M.: Drofa, 2014

Shansky N.M. Words born in October. - M., 1980.

School folklore A. F. Belousov

Linguistics. Susanina, Akulenko.

When studying proper names in the 5th grade Russian language textbook in the vocabulary section, we find only one thing, that names, patronymics, surnames are capitalized, no more information is given.

However, the study of nicknames is necessary, as nicknames are widespread in the school environment. Especially in adolescence. Sometimes nicknames are the cause of disagreement and contention among schoolchildren, create difficulties in communication, as a schoolchild can evaluate his nickname as offensive.

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The world of school nicknames Completed by: Karina Morozova, 6th grade student of the MBOU "Ukrainian secondary school" of the Kosikhinsky district of the Altai Territory Head: Starikova T.V.

The Russian people express themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and offspring. And where it happens aptly ... - with one line you are outlined from head to toe! N.V. Gogol

The area of ​​study is proper names as a layer of vocabulary, closely related to the life of every person. The object of the study is the system of nicknames that exists in school adolescence in a given period of time. The base of the study is students in grades 5-11.

Relevance The study of the nicknames of schoolchildren allows you to connect linguistic knowledge with life, increases observation and teaches you to find interesting and unexplored things next to you. Nicknames are a widespread phenomenon among schoolchildren, it is present everywhere, acquaintance with this phenomenon will help to expand knowledge about the lexical composition of the Russian language. work on the topic will make it possible to find out the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames and, consequently, to identify problems that arise in the process of communication between children when using nicknames.

Purpose of the study To study the presence of nicknames among schoolchildren in grades 5-10, to identify the features of the use of nicknames and attitudes towards them.

Research objectives: Conduct a survey among students in order to study the features of nicknames. Make a card index of school nicknames. Find out if all schoolchildren in adolescence have nicknames. Analyze the attitude of schoolchildren to nicknames.

Stages of research January-February - the study of popular science literature, the selection of theoretical material. March - conducting a survey, processing the results. April-May - writing a research paper.

Method of information collection (study of popular science literature, observation) analysis; comparison; Research methods: questioning statistical research (counting, calculations).

Information from dictionaries A nickname is a name given to a person according to some characteristic feature of him. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. A nickname is a name given to a person for some characteristic feature of him. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. A nickname is a name given to a person in addition to his name, usually indicating some noticeable feature of his character, appearance, activity. Ushakov D.N. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

The history of nicknames The emergence of nicknames is a phenomenon that is present everywhere. Nicknames were given by the name or profession of an ancestor and passed down through generations. Now most nicknames are given to schoolchildren from their surnames and first names. Unlike the name, the nickname reflects not desirable, but the real properties and qualities of the bearer and fixes the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases are known to a limited circle of people.

Bibliography. N.V. Gogol wrote: “The Russian people express themselves strongly! And if he rewards someone with a word, then it will go to his family and offspring, he will drag him with him to the service, and to retirement, and to St. Petersburg, and to the ends of the world, and then no matter how cunning and ennoble your field, - nothing will help: the nickname will croak for itself at the top of its crow's throat and will clearly say where the bird flew from. (“Dead Souls”, vol. 1, ch. 5)

School Nicknames Nicknames are an extremely important part of the world of children. Nicknames are invented by children for children. Nicknames exist in all schools, in all classes, cities and villages. It happens that a nickname is so firmly attached to a person that they generally stop calling him by his name. Crybaby

According to the guys, the nickname is the nickname the second name of the person pseudonym secret name nickname

In the work of the linguist K. N. Davydova, nicknames are divided into three groups: 1) nicknames that refer to residents of some settlements as a whole 2) nicknames related to individual families - “family nicknames” 3) nicknames related to individuals, - "personal nicknames" Nicknames that give a specific evaluation of individuals: 1. By external signs 2. By various (often negative) properties of character, behavior 3. By internal qualities 4. By speech features 5. By place of former residence 6 Nickname of one of the relatives 7. Formed from the surname, name

Formation of school nicknames Other reasons 2 pers. – 10% By name 3 people. – 15% Appearance 7 people. 35% From the last name of 8 people. – 40% By nature 1 person. - 5 %

Results of the survey I conducted a survey among schoolchildren in grades 5-11 of our school. 1. Are nicknames necessary? This question was answered "YES" (35%) of the students. 2. Nicknames are not needed - answered 55% of the respondents.

Presence of nicknames Questionnaires showed that 20 people out of 36 respondents have nicknames (in fact, much more, as some guys do not know that they have nicknames or are simply embarrassed by their nicknames). Of these, 1 person considers it offensive, the rest are not offended. Sometimes they are offended - 2 people answered. Used to - 9 people.

Questioning students Do the guys themselves use nicknames? I received the following answers to this question: 1. I never use it, because there is a name for this - 14 people. 2. I use, if only a person does not mind - 21 people. 3. I use, even if a person does not like it - 1 person.

Rolan Bykov's film Scarecrow, based on Zheleznyakov's story, is one of the clearest examples of the negative impact of the nickname. It became one of the important factors in the attitude towards the main character, a 12-year-old girl, which almost led to tragedy. Lena, like her grandfather, attaches much more importance to the inner content and moral health of her personality than to her appearance. Experiencing distrust, envy, hostility, misunderstanding or even cruelty on the part of surrounding teenagers, the betrayal of a boy who aroused in her a feeling of first love, Lena shows everyone an impressive example of disinterestedness, directness, human dignity. But everyone teased her Scarecrow.

Conclusions So, we can conclude that the nickname of a person is something more than just a means of communication. A nickname can arise both as a result of a long observation of a person, and instantly, by chance, when a well-spoken word is picked up by others. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult.

Conclusions: Nicknames are one of the forms of communication in the school environment. 50% of children are not addressed by their first names, 35% of schoolchildren consider nicknames to be normal, 38% of students have a negative attitude towards nicknames.

After analyzing school nicknames, finding out the reason for their appearance, I want to suggest that the guys do not react to them painfully, but treat them with a certain amount of humor.