The place where Turgenev was born. Personal life of I.S. Turgenev. In someone else's arms
Until the age of eight, the daughter of Ivan Turgenev was called Pelageya. Her mother, Avdotya Ivanova, was from a family of Moscow philistines - she worked for the landowner Varvara Lutovinova as a civilian seamstress. Sweet, modest and charming Avdotya attracted the attention of the future writer, who had just returned to Spasskoye from Berlin University, where he attended a course of lectures. A love affair began between them, which, due to the inexperience of the lovers, ended quite logically - with the girl's pregnancy.
Desperate in his youth, Ivan Sergeevich immediately expressed a desire to marry her, which led his mother into indescribable horror and indignation. She threw her son a huge scandal, after which Turgenev hastily retreated to the capital. Upon learning of Avdotya Ivanova's pregnancy, Turgenev's mother immediately sent her to Moscow to her parents. There, on April 26, 1842, Pelageya was born. Avdotya was given a very good lifelong pension. Such a dowry allowed her to marry soon and live comfortably for the rest of her life, not remembering that she had a daughter. And the one-year-old Pelageya was taken to Spasskoye, where she lived as a bastard. Officially, Varvara Petrovna did not recognize her as her granddaughter, but occasionally she boasted to the guests about her “son’s prank”: she called the girl, put her in front of the guests, asked them: “Well, what do you say? Who do you look like?"
That he had a daughter, Turgenev did not know until she was eight. “I'll tell you what I found here - guess what? - his daughter of eight years, strikingly similar to me, - he wrote to Pauline Viardot in July 1850. - Looking at this poor little creature, I felt my duties to her. And I will fulfill them - she will never know poverty. I will make her life the best it can be." In terms of everyday pragmatism, Pauline Viardot was a worthy competitor to the writer's mother. She splashed out all her romantic emotions from the stage, and in everyday life she was guided exclusively by reason. Her reaction to Turgenev's letter was lightning fast: the singer suggested that he take the girl under her care and raise her as a noble maiden. True, this required certain financial investments ... The sensual Turgenev, who idolized Viardot, agreed to everything that she would not offer. The fate of Pelageya was decided - she was going to France. And in honor of this event, Ivan Sergeevich decided to rename Pelageya to Polinet. His literary ear was pleased with the consonance: Pauline Viardot - Polinet Turgeneva.
Ivan Sergeevich arrived in France only six years later - when Pelageya-Polynet was already fourteen. She practically forgot the Russian language and spoke exclusively in French, which her father simply touched. “In Russian, my daughter completely forgot - and I am very happy about this. She has no reason to remember the language of the country to which she will never return, ”he wrote. He was upset that Polinet had a difficult relationship with Viardot - the girl did not take root in a strange family. Turgenev praised the singer to the skies and demanded the same from his daughter. But her dislike for the mentor Polinet could not and did not want to hide. Their difficult relationship reached the point that the girl had to be sent to a private boarding school.
When Turgenev arrived in France, he took his daughter from the boarding house, and she settled with him - under the supervision of a governess from England, Innis. When the girl turned seventeen, she met a young businessman, Gaston Brewer. The future son-in-law made the most pleasant impression on Ivan Sergeevich, and he gave the green light to his daughter's marriage. And he provided a dowry - a considerable amount for those times - 150 thousand francs. Seven years later, Polinet Brewer gave birth to Turgenev's granddaughter, Jeanne. And then the grandson of the writer, Georges Albar, was born.
Around the same time, the son-in-law's business went awry - the glass factory owned by him went bankrupt. Gaston Brewer became nervous, unrestrained, began to drink and almost every day made scandals to his wife. As a result, Polinet could not stand it, took the children and left her husband for Switzerland. All expenses for the arrangement of his daughter in a new place and her maintenance were borne by Ivan Sergeevich. He even wanted to sell the estate in Spasskoye and give all this money to Polinet and her children, but did not have time to do this. The estate, and then all the property of Turgenev, was sold to Viardot, to whom he left absolutely everything in his will - up to the copyright to his works. But Polinet did not receive a single penny from the singer. She tried to contest the will, but lost the case and was left with two small children without any means of subsistence. I had to earn a living by taking music lessons. Turgenev's daughter died in Paris at the age of 76 from cancer.
Nine years after that - in 1924 - died without leaving heirs, and her son - Georges Albar. The writer's granddaughter lived the longest - 80 years. Zhanna Brewer-Turgeneva did not marry, she also had no children. She lived by tutoring for a living, as she was fluent in five languages. She even dabbled in poetry. True, she wrote poetry exclusively in French. With her death in 1952, the family branch of the Turgenevs along the line of Ivan Sergeevich broke off.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Born October 28 (November 9), 1818 in Orel - died August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival (France). Russian realist writer, poet, publicist, playwright, translator. One of the classics of Russian literature, who made the most significant contribution to its development in the second half of the 19th century. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860), honorary doctor of Oxford University (1879).
The artistic system he created influenced the poetics of not only Russian, but also Western European novels in the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first in Russian literature to begin to study the personality of the "new man" - the sixties man, his moral qualities and psychological characteristics, thanks to him the term "nihilist" began to be widely used in the Russian language. He was a propagandist of Russian literature and dramaturgy in the West.
The study of the works of I. S. Turgenev is an obligatory part of the general education school programs in Russia. The most famous works are the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", the story "Mumu", the story "Asya", the novels "The Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons".
The family of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev came from an ancient family of Tula nobles, the Turgenevs. In a memorial book, the mother of the future writer wrote: “On October 28, 1818, on Monday, the son Ivan was born, 12 inches tall, in Orel, in his house, at 12 o’clock in the morning. Baptized on the 4th of November, Feodor Semenovich Uvarov with his sister Fedosya Nikolaevna Teplovoy.
Ivan's father Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834) served at that time in the cavalry regiment. The careless lifestyle of the handsome cavalry guard upset his finances, and in order to improve his position, he entered into a marriage of convenience in 1816 with an elderly, unattractive, but very wealthy Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova (1787-1850). In 1821, with the rank of colonel of the cuirassier regiment, my father retired. Ivan was the second son in the family.
The mother of the future writer, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family. Her marriage to Sergei Nikolayevich was not happy.
The father died in 1834, leaving three sons - Nikolai, Ivan and Sergei, who died early from epilepsy. Mother was a domineering and despotic woman. She herself lost her father early, suffered from the cruel attitude of her mother (whom the grandson later portrayed as an old woman in the essay "Death"), and from a violent, drinking stepfather, who often beat her. Due to constant beatings and humiliation, she later moved in with her uncle, after whose death she became the owner of a magnificent estate and 5,000 souls.
Varvara Petrovna was a difficult woman. Serfdom habits coexisted in her with erudition and education, she combined care for the upbringing of children with family despotism. Ivan was also subjected to maternal beatings, despite the fact that he was considered her beloved son. The boy was taught literacy by frequently changing French and German tutors.
In the family of Varvara Petrovna, everyone spoke exclusively in French among themselves, even prayers in the house were pronounced in French. She traveled a lot and was an enlightened woman, she read a lot, but also mostly in French. But her native language and literature were not alien to her either: she herself had an excellent figurative Russian speech, and Sergei Nikolayevich demanded that the children write letters to him in Russian during their father's absences.
The Turgenev family maintained ties with V. A. Zhukovsky and M. N. Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna followed the latest in literature, was well aware of the work of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, and whom she willingly quoted in letters to her son.
Love for Russian literature was also instilled in young Turgenev by one of the serf valets (who later became the prototype of Punin in the story "Punin and Baburin"). Until the age of nine, Ivan Turgenev lived in his mother's hereditary estate, Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province.
In 1827, the Turgenevs, in order to educate their children, settled in Moscow, buying a house on Samotyok. The future writer studied first at the Weidenhammer boarding house, then became a boarder with the director of the Lazarev Institute, I. F. Krause.
In 1833, at the age of 15, Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. At the same time, they studied here. A year later, after Ivan's elder brother entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Ivan Turgenev moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. At the university, T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian of the Western school, became his friend.
At first, Turgenev wanted to become a poet. In 1834, as a third-year student, he wrote a dramatic poem in iambic pentameter "Wall". The young author showed these tests of the pen to his teacher, professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. During one of the lectures, Pletnev analyzed this poem quite strictly, without disclosing its authorship, but at the same time he also admitted that “there is something” in the writer.
These words prompted the young poet to write a number of more poems, two of which Pletnev published in 1838 in the Sovremennik magazine, of which he was the editor. They were published under the signature "....v". The debut poems were "Evening" and "To Venus Mediciy". Turgenev's first publication appeared in 1836 - in the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education" he published a detailed review "On a Journey to Holy Places" by A. N. Muravyov.
By 1837, he had already written about a hundred small poems and several poems (the unfinished "The Old Man's Tale", "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night", "Dream").
In 1836 Turgenev graduated from the university with the degree of a real student. Dreaming of scientific activity, the following year he passed the final exam and received a Ph.D.
In 1838 he went to Germany, where he settled in Berlin and took up his studies in earnest. At the University of Berlin he attended lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature, and at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Knowledge of ancient languages allowed him to freely read the ancient classics.
In May 1839, the old house in Spassky burned down, and Turgenev returned to his homeland, but already in 1840 he again went abroad, visiting Germany, Italy and Austria. Impressed by a meeting with a girl in Frankfurt am Main, Turgenev later wrote a story "Spring Waters".
In 1841 Ivan returned to Lutovinovo.
In early 1842, he applied to Moscow University for admission to the examination for the degree of Master of Philosophy, but at that time there was no full-time professor of philosophy at the university, and his request was rejected. Not settling in Moscow, Turgenev satisfactorily passed the exam for a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology in Latin at St. Petersburg University and wrote a dissertation for the verbal department. But by this time, the craving for scientific activity had cooled down, and literary creativity began to attract more and more.
Refusing to defend his dissertation, he served until 1844 as a collegiate secretary in the Ministry of the Interior.
In 1843 Turgenev wrote the poem Parasha. Not really hoping for a positive response, he nevertheless took the copy to V. G. Belinsky. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, publishing his review in Fatherland Notes two months later. Since that time, their acquaintance began, which later grew into a strong friendship. Turgenev was even godfather to Belinsky's son, Vladimir.
In November 1843, Turgenev wrote a poem "Misty Morning", set in different years to music by several composers, including A.F. Gedike and G.L. Catoire. The most famous, however, is the romance version, which was originally published under the title "Music of Abaza". Its belonging to V. V. Abaza, E. A. Abaza or Yu. F. Abaza has not been finally established. Upon publication, the poem was seen as a reflection of Turgenev's love for Pauline Viardot, whom he met during this time.
A poem was written in 1844 "Pop", which the writer himself described rather as fun, devoid of any "deep and significant ideas." Nevertheless, the poem attracted public interest for its anti-clerical orientation. The poem was curtailed by Russian censorship, but it was printed in its entirety abroad.
In 1846, the novels Breter and Three Portraits were published. In Breter, which became Turgenev's second story, the writer tried to present the struggle between Lermontov's influence and the desire to discredit posturing. The plot for his third story, Three Portraits, was drawn from the Lutovinov family chronicle.
Since 1847, Ivan Turgenev participated in the reformed Sovremennik, where he became close to N. A. Nekrasov and P. V. Annenkov. His first feuilleton "Modern Notes" was published in the journal, and the first chapters began to be published. "Hunter's Notes". In the very first issue of Sovremennik, the story "Khor and Kalinich" was published, which opened countless editions of the famous book. The subtitle "From the notes of a hunter" was added by the editor I. I. Panaev in order to draw the attention of readers to the story. The success of the story turned out to be enormous, and this led Turgenev to the idea of writing a number of others of the same kind.
In 1847, Turgenev went abroad with Belinsky and in 1848 lived in Paris, where he witnessed revolutionary events.
As an eyewitness to the killing of hostages, the many attacks, the construction and the fall of the barricades of the February French Revolution, he endured forever a deep loathing for revolutions in general. A little later, he became close to A. I. Herzen, fell in love with Ogaryov's wife N. A. Tuchkova.
The end of the 1840s - the beginning of the 1850s became the time of the most intensive activity of Turgenev in the field of dramaturgy and the time of reflection on questions of history and theory of drama.
In 1848 he wrote such plays as "Where it is thin, there it breaks" and "The Freeloader", in 1849 - "Breakfast at the Leader" and "The Bachelor", in 1850 - "A Month in the Country", in 1851 -m - "Provincial". Of these, "The Freeloader", "The Bachelor", "The Provincial Girl" and "A Month in the Country" were successful due to their excellent productions on stage.
To master the literary techniques of dramaturgy, the writer also worked on translations of Shakespeare. At the same time, he did not try to copy Shakespeare's dramatic techniques, he only interpreted his images, and all the attempts of his contemporary playwrights to use Shakespeare's work as a role model, to borrow his theatrical techniques only caused Turgenev's irritation. In 1847 he wrote: “The shadow of Shakespeare hangs over all dramatic writers, they cannot get rid of memories; these unfortunates read too much and lived too little.
In 1850, Turgenev returned to Russia, but he never saw his mother, who died that same year. Together with his brother Nikolai, he shared a large fortune of his mother and, if possible, tried to alleviate the hardships of the peasants he inherited.
After Gogol's death, Turgenev wrote an obituary, which the St. Petersburg censors did not let through. The reason for her dissatisfaction was that, as the chairman of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee M. N. Musin-Pushkin put it, “it is criminal to speak so enthusiastically about such a writer.” Then Ivan Sergeevich sent the article to Moscow, V.P. Botkin, who published it in Moskovskie Vedomosti. The authorities saw a rebellion in the text, and the author was placed on the exit, where he spent a month. On May 18, Turgenev was sent to his native village, and only thanks to the efforts of Count A.K. Tolstoy, two years later, the writer again received the right to live in the capitals.
There is an opinion that the real reason for the exile was not an obituary to Gogol, but the excessive radicalism of Turgenev's views, manifested in sympathy for Belinsky, suspiciously frequent trips abroad, sympathetic stories about serfs, a laudatory review of an emigrant Herzen about Turgenev.
The censor Lvov, who let the “Notes of a Hunter” go to print, was dismissed from service by personal order of Nicholas I and deprived of his pension.
Russian censorship has also imposed a ban on the re-publication of the "Hunter's Notes", explaining this step by the fact that Turgenev, on the one hand, poeticized the serfs, and on the other hand, portrayed “that these peasants are oppressed, that the landlords behave indecently and illegally ... finally, that the peasant lives in freedom more freely ".
During his exile in Spasskoye, Turgenev went hunting, read books, wrote stories, played chess, listened to Beethoven's Coriolanus performed by A.P. Tyutcheva and his sister, who lived at that time in Spasskoye, and from time to time was subjected to raids by the bailiff .
Most of the "Notes of a Hunter" was created by the writer in Germany.
"Notes of a Hunter" in 1854 was published in Paris as a separate edition, although at the beginning of the Crimean War this publication was in the nature of anti-Russian propaganda, and Turgenev was forced to publicly protest against the poor quality French translation by Ernest Charrière. After the death of Nicholas I, four of the most significant works of the writer were published one after another: Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860) and Fathers and Sons (1862).
In the autumn of 1855, Turgenev's circle of friends expanded. In September of the same year, Tolstoy's story "The Cutting of the Forest" was published in Sovremennik with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.
Turgenev took an ardent part in the discussion of the upcoming Peasant Reform, participated in the development of various collective letters, draft addresses addressed to the sovereign, protests, and so on.
In 1860, Sovremennik published an article “When will the real day come?” In which the critic spoke very flatteringly about the new novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general. Nevertheless, Turgenev was not satisfied with the far-reaching conclusions of Dobrolyubov, made by him after reading the novel. Dobrolyubov connected the idea of Turgenev's work with the events of the approaching revolutionary transformation of Russia, with which the liberal Turgenev could not come to terms.
At the end of 1862, Turgenev was involved in the process of the 32nd in the case of "persons accused of having relations with London propagandists." After the authorities ordered him to immediately appear in the Senate, Turgenev decided to write a letter to the sovereign, trying to convince him of the loyalty of his convictions, "quite independent, but conscientious." He asked interrogation points to be sent to him in Paris. In the end, he was forced to leave for Russia in 1864 for a Senate interrogation, where he managed to avert all suspicions from himself. The Senate found him not guilty. Turgenev's appeal to Emperor Alexander II personally caused Herzen's bilious reaction in Kolokol.
In 1863 Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participated in the cultural life of Western Europe, establishing contacts with the greatest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and acquainting Russian readers with the best works of contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents were Friedrich Bodenstedt, William Thackeray, Henry James, Charles Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Merimee, Ernest Renan, Theophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Alphonse Daudet,.
Despite living abroad, all Turgenev's thoughts were still connected with Russia. He wrote a novel "Smoke"(1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author, everyone scolded the novel: "both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side."
In 1868, Turgenev became a permanent contributor to the liberal journal Vestnik Evropy and severed ties with M. N. Katkov.
Since 1874, famous bachelor's "dinners of five" - Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev. The idea belonged to Flaubert, but Turgenev played the main role in them. Lunches were held once a month. They raised various topics - about the features of literature, about the structure of the French language, told stories and simply enjoyed delicious food. Lunches were held not only at the Parisian restaurateurs, but also at the writers' houses.
In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president.
On June 18, 1879, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University, despite the fact that the university had not given such an honor to any novelist before him.
The fruit of the writer's reflections in the 1870s was the largest of his novels in terms of volume - "Nov"(1877), which was also criticized. So, for example, he regarded this novel as a service to the autocracy.
In April 1878, Leo Tolstoy invited Turgenev to forget all the misunderstandings between them, to which Turgenev happily agreed. Friendship and correspondence resumed. Turgenev explained the meaning of modern Russian literature, including Tolstoy's work, to the Western reader. In general, Ivan Turgenev played a big role in promoting Russian literature abroad.
However, in the novel "Demons" he portrayed Turgenev in the form of "the great writer Karmazinov" - a noisy, small, scribbled and practically mediocre writer who considers himself a genius and sits out abroad. A similar attitude towards Turgenev by the ever-needy Dostoevsky was caused, among other things, by Turgenev’s secure position in his noble life and by the highest literary fees at that time: “To Turgenev for his“ Noble Nest ”(I finally read it. Extremely well) Katkov himself (who I ask for 100 rubles per sheet) gave 4,000 rubles, that is, 400 rubles per sheet. My friend! I know very well that I write worse than Turgenev, but not too worse, and finally, I hope to write not worse at all. Why am I, with my needs, taking only 100 rubles, and Turgenev, who has 2,000 souls, 400 each?
Turgenev, not hiding his dislike for Dostoevsky, in a letter to M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in 1882 (after Dostoevsky's death) also did not spare his opponent, calling him "the Russian Marquis de Sade."
His visits to Russia in 1878-1881 were real triumphs. All the more disturbing in 1882 were the reports of a severe exacerbation of his usual gouty pains.
In the spring of 1882, the first signs of the disease appeared, which soon turned out to be fatal for Turgenev. With temporary relief of pain, he continued to work and a few months before his death he published the first part of "Poems in Prose" - a cycle of lyrical miniatures, which became his kind of farewell to life, homeland and art.
The Parisian doctors Charcot and Jacquet diagnosed the writer with angina pectoris. Soon she was joined by intercostal neuralgia. The last time Turgenev was in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo was in the summer of 1881. The sick writer spent the winters in Paris, and for the summer he was transported to Bougival, on the estate of Viardot.
By January 1883, the pains had intensified so much that he could not sleep without morphine. He underwent an operation to remove a neuroma in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, but the operation did not help much, since it did not alleviate the pain in the thoracic region of the spine. The disease developed, in March and April the writer was so tormented that those around him began to notice momentary clouding of reason, caused in part by morphine.
The writer was fully aware of his imminent death and resigned himself to the consequences of the disease, which made it impossible for him to walk or just stand.
The confrontation between "an unimaginably painful illness and an unimaginably strong organism" (P. V. Annenkov) ended on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival near Paris. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died of myxosarcoma (a malignant tumor of the bones of the spine). Doctor S.P. Botkin testified that the true cause of death was clarified only after an autopsy, during which physiologists also weighed his brain. As it turned out, among those whose brains were weighed, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev had the largest brain (2012 grams, which is almost 600 grams more than the average weight).
Turgenev's death was a great shock to his admirers, expressed in a very impressive funeral. The funeral was preceded by mourning celebrations in Paris, in which over four hundred people took part. Among them were at least a hundred Frenchmen: Edmond Abu, Jules Simon, Emile Ogier, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Juliette Adam, artist Alfred Diedone, composer Jules Massenet. Ernest Renan addressed the mourners with a heartfelt speech.
Even from the border station Verzhbolovo, funeral services were served at stops. On the platform of the St. Petersburg Warsaw railway station, a solemn meeting of the coffin with the body of the writer took place.
There were no misunderstandings either. The day after the funeral of Turgenev's body in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral on the Rue Daru in Paris, on September 19, the well-known populist emigrant P.L. Lavrov published a letter in the Parisian newspaper Justice, edited by the future socialist prime minister, in which he reported that S. Turgenev, on his own initiative, transferred to Lavrov annually for three years 500 francs to assist in the publication of the revolutionary émigré newspaper Vperyod.
Russian liberals were outraged by this news, considering it a provocation. The conservative press in the person of M. N. Katkov, on the contrary, took advantage of Lavrov’s message for the posthumous persecution of Turgenev in the Russky Vestnik and Moskovskie Vedomosti in order to prevent the deceased writer from being honored in Russia, whose body “without any publicity, with special care” should was to arrive in the capital from Paris for burial.
The following of the ashes of Turgenev was very worried about the Minister of the Interior D. A. Tolstoy, who was afraid of spontaneous rallies. According to the editor of Vestnik Evropy, M. M. Stasyulevich, who accompanied the body of Turgenev, the precautions taken by the officials were as inappropriate as if he had accompanied the Nightingale the Robber, and not the body of the great writer.
Personal life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev:
The first romantic passion of young Turgenev was falling in love with the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya - Ekaterina Shakhovskaya(1815-1836), young poetess. The estates of their parents in the suburbs bordered, they often exchanged visits. He was 15, she was 19.
In letters to her son, Varvara Turgeneva called Ekaterina Shakhovskaya a “poet” and a “villain,” because Sergei Nikolayevich himself, Ivan Turgenev’s father, could not resist the charms of the young princess, to whom the girl reciprocated, which broke the heart of the future writer. The episode much later, in 1860, was reflected in the story "First Love", in which the writer endowed some features of Katya Shakhovskaya with the heroine of the story, Zinaida Zasekina.
In 1841, during his return to Lutovinovo, Ivan became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha ( Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova). An affair began between the young, which ended in the girl's pregnancy. Ivan Sergeevich immediately expressed a desire to marry her. However, his mother made a serious scandal about this, after which he went to St. Petersburg. Turgenev's mother, having learned about Avdotya's pregnancy, hastily sent her to Moscow to her parents, where Pelageya was born on April 26, 1842. Dunyasha was given in marriage, the daughter was left in an ambiguous position. Turgenev officially recognized the child only in 1857.
Shortly after the episode with Avdotya Ivanova, Turgenev met Tatyana Bakunina(1815-1871), the sister of the future revolutionary emigrant M. A. Bakunin. Returning to Moscow after his stay in Spasskoye, he stopped by the Bakunin estate Premukhino. The winter of 1841-1842 passed in close contact with the circle of Bakunin brothers and sisters.
All of Turgenev's friends - N.V. Stankevich, V.G. Belinsky and V.P. Botkin - were in love with Mikhail Bakunin's sisters, Lyubov, Varvara and Alexandra.
Tatyana was three years older than Ivan. Like all young Bakunins, she was fascinated by German philosophy and perceived her relationships with others through the prism of Fichte's idealistic concept. She wrote letters to Turgenev in German, full of lengthy reasoning and introspection, despite the fact that young people lived in the same house, and she also expected Turgenev to analyze the motives of her own actions and reciprocal feelings. “The ‘philosophical’ novel,” according to G. A. Byaly, “in the vicissitudes of which the entire younger generation of the Premukhin’s nest took a lively part, lasted several months.” Tatyana was truly in love. Ivan Sergeevich did not remain completely indifferent to the love awakened by him. He wrote several poems (the poem "Parasha" was also inspired by communication with Bakunina) and a story dedicated to this sublimely ideal, mostly literary and epistolary hobby. But he could not answer with a serious feeling.
Among other fleeting hobbies of the writer, there were two more that played a certain role in his work. In the 1850s, a fleeting romance broke out with a distant cousin, eighteen Olga Alexandrovna Turgeneva. The love was mutual, and in 1854 the writer was thinking about marriage, the prospect of which at the same time frightened him. Olga later served as a prototype for the image of Tatiana in the novel "Smoke".
Also indecisive was Turgenev with Maria Nikolaevna Tolstaya. Ivan Sergeevich wrote about Leo Tolstoy's sister P. V. Annenkov: “His sister is one of the most attractive creatures that I have ever been able to meet. Sweet, smart, simple - I would not take my eyes off. In my old age (I turned 36 on the fourth day) - I almost fell in love.
For the sake of Turgenev, twenty-four-year-old M. N. Tolstaya had already left her husband, she took the writer's attention to herself for true love. But Turgenev limited himself to a Platonic hobby, and Maria Nikolaevna served him as a prototype of Verochka from the story Faust.
In the autumn of 1843, Turgenev first saw on the stage of the opera house, when the great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Turgenev was 25 years old, Viardot - 22 years old. Then, while hunting, he met Pauline's husband, the director of the Italian Theater in Paris, a well-known critic and art critic, Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843, he was introduced to Pauline herself.
Among the mass of fans, she did not particularly single out Turgenev, known more as an avid hunter, and not a writer. And when her tour ended, Turgenev, together with the Viardot family, left for Paris against the will of his mother, still unknown to Europe and without money. And this despite the fact that everyone considered him a rich man. But this time, his extremely cramped financial situation was explained precisely by his disagreement with his mother, one of the richest women in Russia and the owner of a huge agricultural and industrial empire.
For attachment to the “damned gypsy”, his mother did not give him money for three years. During these years, his lifestyle did not bear much resemblance to the stereotype of the life of a “rich Russian” that had developed about him.
In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot's tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. Without an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family "on the edge of someone else's nest," as he himself said.
Pauline Viardot raised Turgenev's illegitimate daughter.
In the early 1860s, the Viardot family settled in Baden-Baden, and with them Turgenev ("Villa Tourgueneff"). Thanks to the Viardot family and Ivan Turgenev, their villa has become an interesting musical and artistic center.
The war of 1870 forced the Viardot family to leave Germany and move to Paris, where the writer also moved.
The true nature of the relationship between Pauline Viardot and Turgenev is still the subject of debate. There is an opinion that after Louis Viardot was paralyzed as a result of a stroke, Polina and Turgenev actually entered into a marital relationship. Louis Viardot was twenty years older than Polina, he died the same year as I. S. Turgenev.
The last love of the writer was the actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater. Their meeting took place in 1879, when the young actress was 25 years old, and Turgenev was 61 years old. The actress at that time played the role of Verochka in Turgenev's play A Month in the Country. The role was so vividly played that the writer himself was amazed. After this performance, he went to the actress backstage with a large bouquet of roses and exclaimed: “Did I really write this Verochka ?!”.
Ivan Turgenev fell in love with her, which he openly admitted. The rarity of their meetings was made up for by regular correspondence, which lasted four years. Despite Turgenev's sincere relationship, for Maria he was rather a good friend. She was going to marry another, but the marriage never took place. The marriage of Savina with Turgenev was also not destined to come true - the writer died in the circle of the Viardot family.
Turgenev's personal life was not entirely successful. Having lived for 38 years in close contact with the Viardot family, the writer felt deeply alone. Under these conditions, Turgenev's image of love was formed, but love is not quite characteristic of his melancholy creative manner. There is almost no happy ending in his works, and the last chord is more often sad. But nevertheless, almost none of the Russian writers paid so much attention to the depiction of love, no one idealized a woman to such an extent as Ivan Turgenev.
Turgenev never got his own family. The writer's daughter from the seamstress Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova, married Brewer (1842-1919), from the age of eight she was brought up in the family of Pauline Viardot in France, where Turgenev changed her name from Pelageya to Polina (Polinet, Paulinette), which seemed to him more harmonious.
Ivan Sergeevich arrived in France only six years later, when his daughter was already fourteen. Polinet almost forgot Russian and spoke only French, which touched her father. At the same time, he was upset that the girl had a difficult relationship with Viardot herself. The girl was hostile towards her father's beloved, and soon this led to the fact that the girl was sent to a private boarding school. When Turgenev next came to France, he took his daughter from the boarding house, and they settled together, and for Polinet a governess from England, Innis, was invited.
At the age of seventeen, Polinet met the young businessman Gaston Brewer, who made a good impression on Ivan Turgenev, and he agreed to marry his daughter. As a dowry, the father gave a considerable amount for those times - 150 thousand francs. The girl married Brewer, who soon went bankrupt, after which Polinet, with the assistance of her father, hid from her husband in Switzerland.
Since Turgenev's heiress was Pauline Viardot, his daughter found herself in a difficult financial situation after his death. She died in 1919 at the age of 76 from cancer. Polinet's children - Georges-Albert and Jeanne - had no descendants.
Georges Albert died in 1924. Zhanna Brewer-Turgeneva never married - she lived, earning a living by private lessons, as she was fluent in five languages. She even dabbled in poetry, writing poetry in French. She died in 1952 at the age of 80, and with her the family branch of the Turgenevs along the line of Ivan Sergeevich broke off.
Bibliography of Turgenev:
1855 - "Rudin" (novel)
1858 - "The Noble Nest" (novel)
1860 - "On the Eve" (novel)
1862 - "Fathers and Sons" (novel)
1867 - "Smoke" (novel)
1877 - "Nov" (novel)
1844 - "Andrey Kolosov" (story)
1845 - "Three portraits" (story)
1846 - "The Gide" (story)
1847 - "Breter" (story)
1848 - "Petushkov" (story)
1849 - "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (story)
1852 - "Mumu" (story)
1852 - "Inn" (story)
"Notes of a hunter": a collection of short stories
1851 - "Bezhin Meadow"
1847 - "Biryuk"
1847 - Burmister
1848 - "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district"
1847 - "Two landowners"
1847 - Yermolai and the Miller's Woman
1874 - "Living relics"
1851 - "Kasyan with Beautiful Swords"
1871-72 - "The End of Chertopkhanov"
1847 - "Office"
1847 - "Swan"
1848 - "Forest and steppe"
1847 - "Lgov"
1847 - "Raspberry Water"
1847 - "My neighbor Radilov"
1847 - Ovsyannikov's Odnodvorets
1850 - "The Singers"
1864 - "Pyotr Petrovich Karataev"
1850 - "Date"
1847 - "Death"
1873-74 - "Knocks!"
1847 - "Tatyana Borisovna and her nephew"
1847 - "County doctor"
1846-47 - "Khor and Kalinich"
1848 - "Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin"
1855 - "Yakov Pasynkov" (story)
1855 - "Faust" (story)
1856 - "Calm" (story)
1857 - "Trip to Polissya" (story)
1858 - "Asya" (story)
1860 - "First Love" (story)
1864 - "Ghosts" (story)
1866 - "The Brigadier" (story)
1868 - "Unfortunate" (story)
1870 - "A Strange Story" (story)
1870 - "The Steppe King Lear" (story)
1870 - "Dog" (story)
1871 - “Knock ... knock ... knock! ..” (story)
1872 - "Spring Waters" (story)
1874 - "Punin and Baburin" (story)
1876 - "Hours" (story)
1877 - "Dream" (story)
1877 - "The Story of Father Alexei" (story)
1881 - "The Song of Triumphant Love" (story)
1881 - "Own master's office" (story)
1883 - "After death (Clara Milic)" (novel)
1878 - "In memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya" (prose poem)
1882 - “How good, how fresh the roses were ...” (poem in prose)
18?? - "Museum" (story)
18?? - "Farewell" (story)
18?? - "Kiss" (story)
1848 - “Where it is thin, it breaks there” (play)
1848 - "Freeloader" (play)
1849 - "Breakfast at the leader" (play)
1849 - "The Bachelor" (play)
1850 - "A Month in the Country" (play)
1851 - "Provincial" (play)
1854 - “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev” (article)
1860 - "Hamlet and Don Quixote" (article)
1864 - "Speech on Shakespeare" (article)
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a Russian writer and poet, playwright, publicist, critic and translator. He was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel. His works are remembered for their vivid descriptions of nature, vivid images and characters. Critics especially highlight the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", which reflects the best moral qualities of a simple peasant. There were many strong and selfless women in Turgenev's stories. The poet had a strong influence on the development of world literature. He died on August 22, 1883 near Paris.
Childhood and education
Turgenev was born into a noble family. His father was a retired officer. The writer's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, was of noble origin. Ivan's childhood was spent in the hereditary estate of her family. Parents did everything to ensure a comfortable existence for their son. He was taught by the best teachers and tutors, and at a young age, Ivan and his family moved to Moscow for higher education. From childhood, the guy studied foreign languages, he was fluent in English, French and German.
The move to Moscow took place in 1827. There Ivan studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, he also studied with private teachers. Five years later, the future writer became a student of the verbal department of the prestigious Moscow University. In 1834, Turgenev transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy in St. Petersburg, as his family moved to this city. It was then that Ivan began to write his first poems.
For three years he created more than a hundred lyrical works, including the poem "Steno". Professor Pletnev P.A., who taught Turgenev, immediately noticed the undoubted talent of the young man. Thanks to him, the publication of Ivan's poems "To the Venus of Medicine" and "Evening" in the journal "Contemporary".
In 1838, two years after graduating from university, he went to Berlin to listen to philological lectures. At that time, Turgenev managed to get a Ph.D. In Germany, the young man continues his studies, he studies the grammar of the ancient Greek language and Latin. He was also interested in studying Roman and Greek literature. At the same time, Turgenev makes acquaintance with Bakunin and Stankevich. For two years he travels, visiting France, Italy and Holland.
Homecoming
Ivan returned to Moscow in 1841, at the same time he meets Gogol, Herzen and Aksakov. The poet greatly appreciated the acquaintance with each of his colleagues. Together they attend literary circles. The following year, Turgenev asks for admission to the exam for a master's degree in philosophy.
In 1843, for some time, the writer went to work in the ministerial office, but the official's monotonous activity did not bring him satisfaction. At the same time, his poem "Parasha" was published, which was highly appreciated by V. Belinsky. The year 1843 was also remembered by the writer for his acquaintance with the French singer Pauline Viardot. After that, Turgenev decides to devote himself entirely to creativity.
In 1846, the novels Three Portraits and Bretter were published. Some time after that, the writer creates other well-known works, including "Breakfast at the Leader", "Provincial Girl", "Bachelor", "Mumu", "A Month in the Village" and others. A collection of short stories, Notes of a Hunter, was published by Turgenev in 1852. At the same time, his obituary dedicated to Nikolai Gogol was published. This work was banned in St. Petersburg, but published in Moscow. For his radical views, Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to Spasskoe.
Later, he wrote four more works, which later became the largest in his work. In 1856, the book "Rudin" was published, three years after that, the prose writer wrote the novel "The Noble Nest". 1860 was marked by the release of the work "On the Eve". One of the most famous works of the author, "Fathers and Sons", dates back to 1862.
This period of life was also marked by a break in the poet's relationship with the Sovremennik magazine. This happened after Dobrolyubov's article entitled "When will the real day come?", Which was filled with negativity about the novel "On the Eve". Turgenev spent the next few years of his life in Baden-Baden. The city inspired his most voluminous novel, Nov, published in 1877.
last years of life
The writer was especially interested in Western European cultural trends. He entered into correspondence with famous writers, among whom were Maupassant, George Sand, Victor Hugo and others. Thanks to their communication, literature was enriched. In 1874, Turgenev organized dinners with Zola, Flaubert, Daudet and Edmond Goncourt. In 1878, an international literary congress is held in Paris, during which Ivan is elected vice president. At the same time, he becomes a respected doctor at Oxford University.
Despite the fact that the prose writer lived far from Russia, his works were known in his homeland. In 1867, the novel "Smoke" was published, dividing compatriots into two oppositions. Many criticized him, while others were sure that the work opens a new literary era.
In the spring of 1882, for the first time, a physical ailment called microsarcoma manifested itself, which caused Turgenev terrible pain. It was because of him that the writer later died. He struggled with pain to the last, Ivan's last work was Poems in Prose, released a few months before his death. On September 3 (according to the old style on August 22), 1883, Ivan Sergeevich died in Bougival. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The funeral was attended by many people who wanted to say goodbye to a talented writer.
Personal life
The first love of the poet was Princess Shakhovskaya, who was in a relationship with his father. They met in 1833, and only in 1860 Turgenev was able to describe his feelings in the story "First Love". Ten years after meeting Princess Ivan meets Pauline Viardot, whom he falls in love with almost immediately. He accompanies her on tour, it is with this woman that the prose writer subsequently moves to Baden-Baden. After some time, the couple had a daughter who was brought up in Paris.
Problems in relations with the singer began due to the distance, her husband Louis also acted as an obstacle. Turgenev starts an affair with a distant relative. They were even planning to get married. In the early sixties, the prose writer again becomes close to Viardot, they live together in Baden-Baden, then move to Paris. In the last years of his life, Ivan Sergeevich is fond of the young actress Maria Savina, who reciprocates his feelings.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, whose stories, novels and novels are known and loved by many today, was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, into an old noble family. Ivan was the second son of Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (nee Lutovinova) and Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev.
Turgenev's parents
His father was in the service of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Regiment. After his marriage, he retired with the rank of colonel. Sergei Nikolayevich belonged to an old noble family. His ancestors are believed to have been Tatars. Ivan Sergeevich's mother was not as well-born as her father, but she surpassed him in wealth. The vast lands located in belonged to Varvara Petrovna. Sergei Nikolaevich stood out for his elegance of manners and secular sophistication. He had a subtle soul, he was handsome. Mother's temper was not like that. This woman lost her father early. She had to experience a terrible shock in her adolescence, when her stepfather tried to seduce her. Barbara ran away from home. Ivan's mother, who survived humiliation and oppression, tried to use the power given to her by law and nature over her sons. This woman was strong willed. She arbitrarily loved her children, and was cruel to the serfs, often punishing them with flogging for insignificant infractions.
Case in Bern
In 1822, the Turgenevs went on a trip abroad. In Bern, a Swiss city, Ivan Sergeevich almost died. The fact is that the father put the boy on the railing of the fence, which surrounded a large pit with city bears entertaining the public. Ivan fell off the railing. Sergei Nikolaevich at the last moment grabbed his son by the leg.
An introduction to belles-lettres
The Turgenevs returned from their trip abroad to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, their mother's estate, located ten miles from Mtsensk (Oryol province). Here Ivan discovered literature for himself: one courtyard man from a serf mother read to the boy in the old manner, singsongly and measuredly, the poem "Rossiada" by Kheraskov. Kheraskov in solemn verses sang the battles for Kazan of the Tatars and Russians during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. Many years later, Turgenev in his 1874 story "Punin and Baburin" endowed one of the heroes of the work with love for "Rossiada".
First love
The family of Ivan Sergeevich was in Moscow from the end of the 1820s to the first half of the 1830s. At the age of 15, Turgenev fell in love for the first time in his life. At this time, the family was at Engel's dacha. They were neighbors with their daughter, Princess Catherine, who was 3 years older than Ivan Turgenev. First love seemed to Turgenev captivating, beautiful. He was in awe of the girl, afraid to confess the sweet and languid feeling that had taken possession of him. However, the end of joys and torments, fears and hopes came suddenly: Ivan Sergeevich accidentally found out that Catherine was his father's beloved. Turgenev was haunted by pain for a long time. He will present his love story for a young girl to the hero of the 1860 story "First Love". In this work, Catherine became the prototype of Princess Zinaida Zasekina.
Studying at the universities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the death of his father
The biography of Ivan Turgenev continues with a period of study. Turgenev in September 1834 entered the Moscow University, the verbal department. However, he was not satisfied with his studies at the university. He liked Pogorelsky, a mathematics teacher, and Dubensky, who taught Russian. Most of the teachers and courses left the student Turgenev completely indifferent. And some teachers even caused obvious antipathy. This is especially true of Pobedonostsev, who tediously and for a long time talked about literature and could not advance in his predilections further than Lomonosov. After 5 years, Turgenev will continue his studies in Germany. About Moscow University he will say: "It is full of fools."
Ivan Sergeevich studied in Moscow for only a year. Already in the summer of 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here, his brother Nikolai was in military service. Ivan Turgenev continued to study. His father died in October of the same year from kidney stones, right in Ivan's arms. By this time, he was already living apart from his wife. Ivan Turgenev's father was amorous and quickly lost interest in his wife. Varvara Petrovna did not forgive him for his betrayals and, exaggerating her own misfortunes and illnesses, exposed herself as a victim of his callousness and irresponsibility.
Turgenev left a deep wound in his soul. He began to think about life and death, about the meaning of being. Turgenev at that time was attracted by powerful passions, vivid characters, throwing and struggles of the soul, expressed in an unusual, sublime language. He reveled in the poems of V. G. Benediktov and N. V. Kukolnik, the stories of A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Ivan Turgenev wrote in imitation of Byron (the author of "Manfred") his dramatic poem called "The Wall". After more than 30 years, he will say that this is "a completely ridiculous work."
Writing poetry, republican ideas
Turgenev in the winter of 1834-1835. fell seriously ill. He had a weakness in his body, he could not eat or sleep. Having recovered, Ivan Sergeevich changed a lot spiritually and physically. He became very stretched out, and also lost interest in mathematics, which attracted him before, and became more and more interested in belles-lettres. Turgenev began to compose many poems, but still imitative and weak. At the same time, he became interested in republican ideas. He felt the serfdom that existed in the country as a shame and the greatest injustice. In Turgenev, a sense of guilt in front of all the peasants strengthened, because his mother treated them cruelly. And he took an oath to himself to do everything to ensure that there was no class of "slaves" in Russia.
Acquaintance with Pletnev and Pushkin, publication of the first poems
Student Turgenev in his third year met P. A. Pletnev, professor of Russian literature. This is a literary critic, poet, friend of A. S. Pushkin, to whom the novel "Eugene Onegin" is dedicated. At the beginning of 1837, at a literary evening with him, Ivan Sergeevich also ran into Pushkin himself.
In 1838, two poems by Turgenev were published in the Sovremennik magazine (the first and fourth issues): "To the Venus of the Medicean" and "Evening". Ivan Sergeevich published poetry after that. The first tests of the pen, which were printed, did not bring him fame.
Continued studies in Germany
In 1837 Turgenev graduated from St. Petersburg University (language department). He was not satisfied with the education he received, feeling gaps in his knowledge. German universities were considered the standard of that time. And in the spring of 1838, Ivan Sergeevich went to this country. He decided to graduate from the University of Berlin, where Hegel's philosophy was taught.
Abroad, Ivan Sergeevich became friends with the thinker and poet N.V. Stankevich, and also became friends with M.A. Bakunin, who later became a famous revolutionary. He had conversations on historical and philosophical topics with T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian. Ivan Sergeevich became a staunch Westernizer. Russia, in his opinion, should take an example from Europe, getting rid of lack of culture, laziness, ignorance.
public service
Turgenev, returning to Russia in 1841, wanted to teach philosophy. However, his plans were not destined to come true: the department he wanted to enter was not restored. Ivan Sergeevich in June 1843 was enlisted in the Ministry of the Interior for service. At that time, the issue of the liberation of the peasants was being studied, so Turgenev reacted to the service with enthusiasm. However, Ivan Sergeevich did not serve long in the ministry: he quickly became disillusioned with the usefulness of his work. He began to be burdened by the need to fulfill all the instructions of his superiors. In April 1845, Ivan Sergeevich retired and was never again in the public service.
Turgenev becomes famous
Turgenev in the 1840s began to play the role of a secular lion in society: always well-groomed, neat, with the manners of an aristocrat. He wanted success and attention.
In 1843, in April, Turgenev's poem Parasha was published. Its plot is the touching love of the landowner's daughter for a neighbor on the estate. The work is a kind of ironic echo of "Eugene Onegin". However, unlike Pushkin, in Turgenev's poem everything ends happily with the marriage of the heroes. Nevertheless, happiness is deceptive, doubtful - it's just ordinary well-being.
The work was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky, the most influential and well-known critic of that time. Turgenev met Druzhinin, Panaev, Nekrasov. Following Parasha, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the following poems: in 1844 - Conversation, in 1845 - Andrey and Landowner. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich also created stories and novels (in 1844 - "Andrey Kolosov", in 1846 - "Three Portraits" and "Breter", in 1847 - "Petushkov"). In addition, Turgenev wrote the comedy Lack of Money in 1846, and the drama Indiscretion in 1843. He followed the principles of the "natural school" of writers, to which Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov belonged. Writers belonging to this trend depicted "non-poetic" subjects: the daily life of people, everyday life, they paid special attention to the influence of circumstances and the environment on the fate and character of a person.
"Hunter's Notes"
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in 1847 published an essay "Khor and Kalinich", created under the impression of hunting trips in 1846 through the fields and forests of the Tula, Kaluga and Oryol provinces. Two heroes in it - Khor and Kalinich - are presented not just as Russian peasants. These are individuals with their own complex inner world. On the pages of this work, as well as other essays by Ivan Sergeevich, published in the book "Notes of a Hunter" in 1852, the peasants have their own voice, which differs from the manner of the narrator. The author recreated the customs and life of the landlord and peasant Russia. His book was evaluated as a protest against serfdom. Society accepted it with enthusiasm.
Relationship with Pauline Viardot, mother's death
In 1843, a young opera singer from France, Pauline Viardot, arrived on tour. She was greeted enthusiastically. Ivan Turgenev was also delighted with her talent. He was captivated by this woman for the rest of his life. Ivan Sergeevich followed her and her family to France (Viardot was married), accompanied Polina on a tour of Europe. His life was henceforth divided between France and Russia. The love of Ivan Turgenev has passed the test of time - Ivan Sergeevich has been waiting for the first kiss for two years. And only in June 1849 Polina became his lover.
Turgenev's mother was categorically against this connection. She refused to give him the funds received from the income from the estates. Death reconciled them: Turgenev's mother was dying hard, suffocating. She died in 1850 on November 16 in Moscow. Ivan was informed of her illness too late and did not have time to say goodbye to her.
Arrest and exile
In 1852, N. V. Gogol died. I. S. Turgenev wrote an obituary on this occasion. There were no reprehensible thoughts in him. However, it was not customary in the press to recall the duel that led to as well as recall the death of Lermontov. On April 16 of the same year, Ivan Sergeevich was put under arrest for a month. Then he was exiled to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, not allowed to leave the Oryol province. At the request of the exile, after 1.5 years he was allowed to leave Spassky, but only in 1856 was he granted the right to go abroad.
New works
During the years of exile, Ivan Turgenev wrote new works. His books became more and more popular. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich created the story "Inn". In the same year, Ivan Turgenev wrote Mumu, one of his most famous works. In the period from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s, he created other stories: in 1850 - "The Diary of a Superfluous Man", in 1853 - "Two Friends", in 1854 - "Correspondence" and "Calm" , in 1856 - "Yakov Pasynkov". Their heroes are naive and lofty idealists who fail in their attempts to benefit society or find happiness in their personal lives. Criticism called them "superfluous people." Thus, the creator of a new type of hero was Ivan Turgenev. His books were interesting for their novelty and topicality.
"Rudin"
The fame acquired by the mid-1850s by Ivan Sergeevich was strengthened by the novel Rudin. The author wrote it in 1855 in seven weeks. Turgenev in his first novel made an attempt to recreate the type of ideologist and thinker, modern man. The protagonist is an "extra person", who is depicted both in weakness and in attractiveness at the same time. The writer, creating it, endowed his hero with the features of Bakunin.
"Nest of Nobles" and new novels
In 1858, Turgenev's second novel, The Nest of Nobles, appeared. His themes are the history of an old noble family; the love of a nobleman, by the will of circumstances hopeless. The poetry of love, full of grace and subtlety, the careful depiction of the characters' experiences, the spiritualization of nature - these are the distinctive features of Turgenev's style, perhaps most clearly expressed in The Noble Nest. They are also characteristic of some stories, such as "Faust" of 1856, "A Trip to Polissya" (years of creation - 1853-1857), "Asya" and "First Love" (both works were written in 1860). "Noble Nest" was warmly welcomed. He was praised by many critics, in particular Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. However, Turgenev's next novel met a completely different fate.
"The Eve"
In 1860, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the novel "On the Eve". A brief summary of it is as follows. In the center of the work - Elena Stakhova. This heroine is a brave, determined, devotedly loving girl. She fell in love with the revolutionary Insarov, a Bulgarian who devoted his life to liberating his homeland from the rule of the Turks. The story of their relationship ends, as usual with Ivan Sergeevich, tragically. The revolutionary dies, and Elena, who has become his wife, decides to continue the work of her late husband. This is the plot of the new novel, which was created by Ivan Turgenev. Of course, we have described its summary only in general terms.
This novel caused conflicting assessments. Dobrolyubov, for example, in an instructive tone in his article reprimanded the author where he was wrong. Ivan Sergeevich was furious. Radical democratic publications published texts with scandalous and malicious allusions to the details of Turgenev's personal life. The writer broke off relations with Sovremennik, where he had been published for many years. The younger generation stopped seeing Ivan Sergeevich as an idol.
"Fathers and Sons"
In the period from 1860 to 1861, Ivan Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons, his new novel. It was published in Russkiy Vestnik in 1862. Most readers and critics did not appreciate it.
"Enough"
In 1862-1864. a story-miniature "Enough" was created (published in 1864). It is imbued with motives of disappointment in the values of life, including art and love, which are so dear to Turgenev. In the face of inexorable and blind death, everything loses its meaning.
"Smoke"
Written in 1865-1867. the novel "Smoke" is also imbued with a gloomy mood. The work was published in 1867. In it, the author tried to recreate a picture of modern Russian society, the ideological moods that dominated it.
"Nov"
Turgenev's last novel appeared in the mid-1870s. In 1877 it was printed. Turgenev in it presented populist revolutionaries who are trying to convey their ideas to the peasants. He assessed their actions as a sacrificial feat. However, this is a feat of the doomed.
The last years of the life of I. S. Turgenev
Turgenev from the mid-1860s almost constantly lived abroad, only visiting his homeland on short visits. He built himself a house in Baden-Baden, near the house of the Viardot family. In 1870, after the Franco-Prussian war, Polina and Ivan Sergeevich left the city and settled in France.
In 1882, Turgenev fell ill with spinal cancer. The last months of his life were difficult, and death was also difficult. The life of Ivan Turgenev ended on August 22, 1883. He was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, near the grave of Belinsky.
Ivan Turgenev, whose stories, novels and novels are included in the school curriculum and known to many, is one of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century.
Part 2.
Every love, happy, as well as unhappy, is a real disaster when you give yourself all to it.
I.S. Turgenev
Women in the life of Ivan Turgenev
Now let's get back to the topic of true love. The woman was the main supreme deity of all the work of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev... K.D. Balmont, the great Russian poet, wrote: the true essence, reverent in artistic creativity, is the Girl-Woman"...
Yes, it was the Woman who was his Muse. Only in love did he draw inspiration.
Traveling in Italy, Ivan Turgenev meets Moscow acquaintances in Rome - the Khovrin family. And he begins a short-term affair with Shushu, the eldest daughter of the Khovrins, Alexandra (later a children's writer).
A year later, he became close to his mother's civilian seamstress Avdotya Ermolaevna Ivanova, who gave birth to his daughter Pelageya. At the same time, he has a stormy romance with Tatyana Alexandrovna Bakunina (sister of the revolutionary anarchist M.A. Bakunin).
Traveling around Europe, in 1843 Ivan Turgenev met Pauline Viardot (anal-skin-visual with sound), and since then his heart belongs to her alone. Contemporaries unanimously admitted that she was not at all beautiful. Rather, the opposite is true. Indeed, Viardot's appearance was far from ideal. She was stooped, with bulging eyes, large, almost masculine features, and a huge mouth. But when she began to sing, her appearance changed. At the time of one of these transformations, Pauline Viardot was seen on the stage of the opera house by the beginning Russian writer Ivan Turgenev.
Pauline Viardot
By the way, Turgenev himself was very fond of singing, while he had absolutely no hearing and had a very thin, almost female voice. And although he could not hit a single right note, the audience was delighted with this comic spectacle. “Yes, what should I do? After all, I myself know that I don’t have a voice, but just a pig!” - Ivan Turgenev lamented (the sound engineer often speaks in a barely audible, quiet voice and often does not like the sound of his voice).
Despite all the obstacles, the writer's romance with the singer lasted more than 40 years. Ivan Turgenev knew that she was married to Louis Viardot, but the passion captured him so much that he could no longer think of anyone else. He even meets her husband and they become friends. His further trips around Europe are reduced only to visiting the cities where Viardot toured. But his indecision, characteristic of people with an anal vector, does not allow Turgenev to take any more active steps. He does not insist on intimacy with his beloved and is content with the role of a devoted admirer. Marriage for an anal person is sacred. They will never encroach on someone else's, including someone else's woman.
Meanwhile, Pelageya's daughter is growing up in her grandmother's estate, about whom Ivan Turgenev does not yet know anything. The imperious landowner treats her granddaughter like a serf. As a result, Turgenev offers Polina to take the girl to be brought up in the Viardot family, where she will live until she comes of age (developed anal sex always takes care of their offspring) together with the children of Polina Viardot.
Turgenev's daughter
For some time, Ivan Sergeevich lives in the Viardot family. Polina's husband (with a skin vector) does not interfere with this at all, tk. they live at the expense of Ivan Turgenev. After some time, the writer returned to Russia, where he lives in his estate practically under house arrest. The authorities did not like the obituary he wrote after Gogol's death - in it the secret office saw a threat to imperial power. He madly misses his beloved. “I cannot live away from you, I must feel your closeness, enjoy it. The day when your eyes did not shine for me is a lost day, ”he wrote to Polina. At the same time, Ivan Turgenev was not at all alone. From hunting, he returned to the house where Feoktista, the maid, whom he bought for a huge amount of money from his cousin Elizaveta Alekseevna Turgeneva, was waiting for him.
By the way, Pauline Viardot also did not deny herself carnal pleasures (like a real skin-visual woman who undifferentiated pheromones for all men). Soon she gave birth to a son, Paul. But to this day it remains a mystery from whom: from Ivan Turgenev, from the famous artist Ari Schaeffer, who painted her portrait, or ...
A few years later, Viardot comes to Russia on tour. Turgenev hurries to meet her, but Polina's feelings have cooled down. Yes, if a visual person does not see the object of his adoration for a long time, then emotional ties are quickly torn. As the saying goes, "out of sight, out of mind." But Ivan Turgenev is ready to be content with a simple friendship, if only to see Viardot at least from time to time (anal-visual people can create very long-lasting emotional bonds).
A year after this unpleasant event, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev meets his cousin's daughter, 18-year-old Olga Turgeneva, and falls in love with her. He even begins to think about marriage for the first time. And, I must say that the young lady reciprocated the Lovelace. But the memory carefully kept the image of Polina and helpfully sent him to a happy past. Ivan Sergeevich breaks off relations with Olga.
Olga Turgeneva
Only after a long 9 years there is a new rapprochement between Ivan Turgenev and Pauline Viardot. First they live in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian war) in Paris. But two such bright personalities cannot get along together, and Ivan Sergeevich returns to Russia again.
In 1879, Ivan Turgenev makes his last attempt to start a family. The young actress Maria Savinova is ready to become his life partner. The girl is not even afraid of a huge age difference - at that moment Turgenev was already over 60.
I.S. Turgenev 1880
In 1882 Savinova and Turgenev went to Paris. Unfortunately, this trip marked the end of their relationship. In Turgenev's house, every little thing reminded of Viardot, Maria constantly felt superfluous and was tormented by jealousy.
And yet, in the last minutes of his life, Polina was next to Ivan Turgenev. HIS POLINA. In the last hours of his life, he no longer recognized anyone. When Pauline Viardot bent over him, Ivan Sergeevich said: “Here is the queen of queens!” Those were his last words.
Ivan Turgenev died in Bougival, near Paris, on August 22 (September 3), 1883. Those who saw him during the farewell testify that his face was calm and beautiful as ever. After all, it was not in vain that the classic said that “love is stronger than death and the fear of death.”