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Printing Techniques. School encyclopedia Drypoint engraving

Printed graphics, as a way of replicating images, has been known since ancient times. Unlike painting, it is much more accessible and therefore cheap. Printed graphics became most widespread in Europe in the Middle Ages with the advent of paper and the opening of the printing press.

Important features of graphics are its ability to quickly respond to current events, the convenience of replication in many copies, the ability to consistently reveal the idea in a number of images. Therefore, initially they were used to illustrate religious subjects. In the future, these qualities were widely used in propaganda and satirical political graphics, the rapid development of which falls on the years of major historical events ("flying sheets" of the Peasant War of 1524-26 in Germany, engravings of the Great French Revolution, popular prints of the Patriotic War of 1812, posters of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars).

Despite some supporting role, printed graphics have a number of expressive virtues that made them popular among the great artists of the past.

At the same time, many printing techniques are very laborious, so the artist often gave his sketch to engravers, who transferred this image to the board and then printed it. Particularly widespread was the technique of lithography, which, with a possible large circulation without reducing quality, made it possible to achieve maximum similarity with images made in painting techniques. At the end of the 19th-20th centuries, artists themselves and their dealers began to widely use this to popularize their work. In Europe, such lithographic workshops are still common today.

In Russia during the Soviet era, the communist regime was well aware of the danger of possible uncensored circulation, so lithographic workshops were supervised by art funds, and they mainly provided printing of author's (made by the author himself) stones. This is due to the fact that today in Russia lithography, as one of the techniques of printed graphics, is practically equated with typographic reproduction and does not have a generally accepted artistic value.

At the same time, in Europe, with a very high cost of original paintings, lithographic replicated images of paintings by a popular artist can reach very high prices.

In 1994, the author of these lines organized an exhibition in Riga of 15 lithographs by Salvador Dali from the collections of French lithographic workshops, which served as illustrations for books. At that time, the cost of these lithographs reached 1000-2000 dollars. Today, these lithographs are sold at auctions for 10-15 thousand dollars and more.

The value of printed graphics as an independent art form depends on many factors. First of all, on the size of the circulation and on the serial number of the print.

Today's printing technologies make it possible to achieve huge print runs with the same quality, while with ancient techniques such as drypoint, etching and others, the printing plate was jammed during the printing process, and the prints themselves were modified. Therefore, the prints printed first in circulation traditionally have the highest value.

To protect modern printed graphics from depreciation, special restrictions have been adopted that apply to the number of prints, as well as special rules for attributing them.

According to international regulations, original prints must contain the following information.

19/99 - the serial number of the print, through the fraction - the number of the total circulation.
of, lit, xyl, etc - the abbreviated name of the execution technique.
Title of work and year of creation.
Original signature of the author.

Also, instead of the serial number of the print, there may be letters indicating a test print, or an author's print.

The presence of these letter designations indicates that this option was rejected by the author and he made adjustments. However, it was not destroyed and signed.

Such prints among collectors are of the highest value, as they are single and unique.

The further value of the circulation depends on the serial number of the print and, as a rule, the first 10 have the highest cost. In order not to devalue the graphics, circulations of no more than 300 copies are allowed, and for certain types of graphics, no more than 100, after which the image carrier (etching board, linoleum etc.) must be destroyed to make subsequent prints impossible.

Unfortunately, many graphic artists who print images themselves in their workshops do not follow these rules. For example, the well-known Latvian graphic artist Karlis Cīrulis (Kārlis Cīrulis 1925.1.IX - 1994.17.II), who created a series of amazing etchings with views of Riga, printed hundreds of his images during his lifetime, and did not put print runs on many at all, or put unreliable ones. After his death, his wife continued to replicate these views from the boards without the author's signature. With all my deepest respect for this virtuoso etching master who created an image for an invitation card for our Splendid Palas gallery, this has led to the fact that today his work is depreciated and not worth as much as it should be worth.

There are also numerous circulations of Salvador Dali created after 1981, when he could not work at all due to illness. Some researchers of his work claim that he left a huge number of signed blank sheets on which these lithographs were printed.

In the case of our exhibition of lithographs by Salvador Dalí, we were dealing with lithographs created from original illustrations by Salvador Dali, and which existed only in this technique. The lithographic workshop signed a contract with the artist for the right to print his lithographs, and Dali controlled the process of their creation, made adjustments and signed the finished edition. After that, the lithographic stone was erased, and the lithographic workshop issued a special certificate confirming the authenticity of this edition and a description of the lithography itself, indicating the original paper size and its name.

In such cases, part of the print run, as a rule, the first prints, is transferred to the author himself, and the rest are at the disposal of the lithographic workshop, which sells them.

That is why you can still find in the old European lithographic and etching workshops, often working as an art store, old graphics that have remained in the collection of the owners.

Modern framing shops often have to deal with the design of printed graphics. Often, their owners are not even aware of their possible true value. Unfortunately, the receptionists on orders and the craftsmen themselves are also not specialists, and therefore they often allow illiterate design, or even simply spoil the work.

Below we will try to talk about the features of the technique of each of the printed graphics, as well as the difference between their design and other image carriers on paper.

Saint Petersburg. 2007
Aivar Pozharsky.

Graphic arts- a type of fine art. The word graphics comes from the Greek word grapho, which means to write, draw, scratch.

Graphic works, unlike paintings, convey the most important thing without unnecessary details. They seem to reflect the idea of the work. Graphic works can be black and white, sometimes color. As a result, the surrounding world in graphics is very expressive, but somewhat conditional, figurative.

Independent, individual works are called easel graphics. Several easel sheets, united by a common idea, form a graphic series.

Types of graphics. Graphics combines two groups of works of art: drawing and printed graphics.

The drawing is considered unique because it exists in a single copy. In the old days, artists painted on papyrus, later on parchment, from the 14th century. - on paper. The tradition of drawing on fabric has survived to our time.

Papyrus is a writing material made from the marsh papyrus plant.
Parchment is a writing material made from the skin of animals.

Graphic techniques. The image can be created with pencil, charcoal, ink, sanguine (a red-brown pencil made from a special type of clay), and other means. About the work created with colored crayons, we will say: made in the pastel technique.

A. Bazilevich. Illustrations for I. Kotlyarevsky's poem "Aeneid" (gouache)

G. Malakov. Illustrations for Lesya Ukrainka's poem "Robert Bruce, King of Scotland" (linocut)

Albrecht Durer. Illustration for the "Apocalypse" (woodcut)

Unlike a drawing, printed graphics exist in many copies. To obtain them, an engraving is used - an image on a solid material, which is covered with paints, and then printed on paper.

There are different engraving techniques: woodcut, linocut, etching, lithography. With the advent of engraving, the emergence of the printed book and the development of book graphics are associated.

In everyday life, we most often encounter industrial graphics. These are postage stamps, posters, theater programs, labels, brand names, drawings on boxes for cakes and sweets, etc.

Linocut- a drawing carved on linoleum. The pattern is cut out on a linoleum plate with steel cutters of various configurations. Depending on the shape of the incisor, the line that it leaves can be very thin, sharp or wide, rounded. This is how a mold is made. Then printing ink is applied to it using special equipment - rollers.

Printed linocut on a printing press. In this case, the layer of ink applied to the form is printed on paper. A paper print is called linocut, or, more generally, like all other printing techniques, printmaking.

Woodcut(woodcut) - an image made with cutters on a wooden surface. Not all tree species are suitable for this. Artists use pear, oak, beech, boxwood.

The wooden surface is carefully polished and even smoothed with wax. The drawing is cut out in the same way as on the linocut, but the greater hardness of the wood allows you to enrich the image with trifles and details. It is more difficult to do this kind of work.

An impression is printed in the same way as a linocut, using a printing press on special stamp paper. This technique is ancient and has come to us from time immemorial. This is how the first printed books were made.

Etching, or engraving on metal, are several techniques for making a printing plate from metal (copper, zinc). The pattern is applied to a pre-treated, polished, smooth plate. It can be engraving, scratching. Such work requires exceptional precision and physical effort.

There are ways to make drawing easier. The plate can be covered with a protective layer of a special varnish and "draw", removing only the varnish. Then such a plate is immersed in a container with acid, and instead of an engraver, the acid makes depressions in the metal. Paint is applied to the etching plate by hand.

The print is made on a printing press. Soft paper, clinging to the plate, sort of selects the paint from the recesses.

Lithography It's a stone engraving. For it, a special, lithographic stone is used. The system for drawing a picture on a stone is very complex. It can be scratching, drawing with a brush and ink, and drawing with a pencil. In all these cases, materials intended only for lithography are used.

Printed on a printing press. Lithography allows you to achieve subtle gradations (transitions) of tone, similar to a pencil or watercolor drawing. Due to this, lithographic prints sometimes resemble watercolor drawings.

T. Shevchenko. Blind Man in the Cemetery (etching)

E. Kibrik. Illustration for the story of Romain Rolland "Cola Breugnon" (lithograph)

Compare works made in the techniques of linography (woodcuts) and a drawing made in pencil by hand. What is the difference?
Think about what shades of mood can be conveyed using different types of graphics and graphic techniques.

Think together what kind of literary work could be illustrated using woodcuts, etchings, lithographs, pastels. Why?

Monotype- this is an imprint of paint from any surface onto paper. Such a print exists in a single copy, as indicated by the “mono” particle in the title. This is something between a printed graphics and a drawing.

Create a graphic composition using the monotype technique.

Tools and materials: several sheets of paper, gouache, dishwashing detergent or liquid soap, brushes. Work plan:

Dilute the paints in small bottles and add a little soap solution to them in a ratio of 1: 5. The paints should not be completely liquid, but not very thick either.
With a brush, apply paints to a sheet of paper, picking up the colors that you like, and let them dissolve one into another a little.
With a quick movement to this sheet, press another sheet of paper for half a minute to a minute
Separate the sheets of paper and let the prints dry.
Consider the result, try to see any plot or a single image in the colored spots.
Use brushes and paint or other materials to finish your work, adding details and elements that are missing.

Student work made in the technique of monotype

Stages of work on a monotype

Narbut Georgy Ivanovich(1886-1920) - Ukrainian graphic artist. A significant influence on the formation of the creative manner of the master had a connection with the St. Petersburg art association "World of Art", whose members paid much attention to the revival of the art of the book. Narbut's early works are illustrations for fairy tales. In illustrations for I. Krylov's fables, the artist uses an old graphic style - a silhouette, which he then repeatedly turned to.

In 1917-1920 Narbut worked in Kyiv; passion for ancient Ukrainian art inspired him to create a series of outstanding works. Since January 1919, Narbut was the rector of the Academy of Arts in Kyiv.

G. Narbut. Illustration for T. Shevchenko's poetry "Dream" (ink)

Pablo Picasso(1881-1973) - a brilliant personality in the art of the twentieth century. Picasso is a Spaniard by origin, but he lived most of his life in France. Already in the 1900s, Picasso declared himself as a mature master. His early paintings belong to the so-called "pink" and "blue" periods ("Girl on a ball"). In 1907, Picasso created the painting "Avignon Girls", which begins the history of a new trend in the art of the twentieth century. The artist has always experimented a lot. 1937 dates back to a large canvas "Guernica", which is one of the pinnacles in the work of Picasso. It is dedicated to the death of the Spanish city and its inhabitants as a result of an air bombardment. The artist's talent was also clearly manifested in graphics (one of his most famous graphic works is Don Quixote), sculpture, and ceramics.

Pablo Picasso. Don Quixote

Graphics (Greek graphike, from grapho - I write), a type of fine art, including drawing and various types of printed graphics based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive possibilities. Graphics is an ancient type of fine art. Drawings by ancient artists on the walls of caves; ornaments and drawings on ancient Greek vases; engravings and drawings of outstanding masters of the Renaissance - all this is beautiful graphics. In Rus', graphics in the form of ornaments and illustrations adorned handwritten and early printed books, and in the form of entertaining and cheerful engravings - folk prints painted with watercolors, adorned the homes of peasants and artisans. Book graphics include illustrations (performing the task of interpreting literary works), creating a type design, and general design and layout of a book. Depending on the size and location in the book, illustrations are divided into: - frontispiece, headpiece and ending; - half-page, strip and centerfold illustrations, which are respectively located on half a page, on the whole page and on two pages; - defense illustrations; - drawings in the fields. Printed Graphics makes it possible to obtain a certain circulation of relatively equivalent, identical works of art - prints from a board, from a metal plate, from a stone, linoleum sheet or other base, on which the corresponding pattern is applied (mirror in relation to the print). Depending on the material, on the technical method of its processing (engraving), there are such varieties (“techniques”) of printed graphics: woodcut, linocut, zincography, lithography, engraving on cardboard, engraving with a chisel on copper, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, drypoint and others, sometimes appearing in pure form, sometimes as mixed media, both in black and white and in color. Printing is used in applied graphics, posters, and book illustrations. The printing form is made from the original, made by the artist, photomechanically, by machine. In easel graphics for prints, the printing plate is created by the artist himself, so a number of copies of genuine works of art of the same artistic value are obtained, completely preserving the live and direct imprint of the author's creative work. The very process of creating a printing plate from any solid material - wood, metal, linoleum - is called engraving (from the French word graver - cut). The drawing is created by cutting, scratching with some sharp tool - a needle, a cutter. Graphic works printed from an engraving printing plate are called engravings. Types of engraving: flat engraving - drawing and background are on the same level; - convex engraving - paint covers the surface of the drawing - the drawing is above the background level; - LETTERPRINT in-depth engraving - ink fills in depressions, drawing below background level. GRAVTURE PRINTING Depending on the material from which the printing plate is created, there are different types of engraving: Lithography - the surface of a stone (limestone) is a printing plate. The stone is very smoothly polished and degreased. The image is applied to the lithographic stone with a special oily lithographic ink or pencil. The stone is wetted with water, then the paint is rolled, adhering only to the previously applied pattern. Lithography was invented in 1798. Algraphia is a flat print, the execution technique is similar to lithography, but an aluminum plate is used instead of a stone. Woodcut - woodcut, cut with a special cutter. The paint rolls onto the plane of the original board. When printing on paper, the areas cut out by the cutter remain white. The prints are a contour drawing with thick black lines. Linocut - engraving on linoleum. The technique is very close to woodcuts. Linoleum is an inexpensive, affordable material. Linocuts are simpler to perform compared to woodcuts due to the synthetic origin of the material used (uniformity, the absence of artificial fibers interfering with the cutter). Metal engraving is performed on zinc, copper, iron, steel. Metal engraving is divided into printing with etching and without etching. There are a large number of techniques for this type of engraving - the drypoint technique (the closest to the author's graphics, as it does not have a large circulation), mezzotint ("black print"), etching, aquatint, soft varnish (or tear varnish). Etching - from the French eau-forte - nitric acid. The drawing is scratched with an engraving needle in a layer of acid-resistant varnish covering a metal plate. The scratched places are etched with acid, and the resulting in-depth image is filled with paint and printed on paper. Dry Needle - drawing is applied directly to the metal, by scratching strokes on the surface of the metal board with the tip of a hard needle. Mezzotint is a type of in-depth engraving in which the surface of a metal board is roughened by a cutter, giving a solid black background when printed. The sections of the board corresponding to the bright places of the picture are scraped, smoothed, polished. Aquatint is an engraving method based on acid etching of the surface of a metal plate coated with asphalt or rosin dust and with an image applied with an acid-repellent varnish with a brush. It has a huge number of shades from black to white. Depending on his ideas, the artist is free to choose different engraving techniques. The printing form is made from the original, made by the artist, photomechanically, by machine. In easel graphics for prints, the printing plate is created by the artist himself, so a number of copies of genuine works of art of the same artistic value are obtained, completely preserving the live and direct imprint of the author's creative work. More accessible in execution is easel drawing (drawing is not one of the artistic means of fine art, but as an auxiliary work). The drawing is performed by the artist directly on a sheet of paper with some graphic material - pencil, charcoal, ink, sanguine, watercolor, gouache. The main means of graphics is drawing (plasticity - in sculpture, color - in painting). Drawing - an image made by hand. By eye, using graphic tools: contour line, stroke and spot. Drawing (as an artistic and expressive means) is used in all types of fine arts, but in graphics it is used in a purer form. The drawing demonstrates the character, temperament, mood of the artist. The drawing is usually black and white, in some cases in color. There are numerous varieties of drawing, differing in drawing methods, themes and genres, technique and nature of execution. Drawing - an image made by hand. By eye, using graphic tools: contour line, stroke and spot. There are numerous varieties of drawing, differing in drawing methods, themes and genres, technique and nature of execution. The means of expressiveness of graphics are a contour line, a stroke, a contour, a spot (sometimes a color), the background of a sheet (usually white paper), with which the image forms a contrast or nuance ratio. Color in graphics, unlike painting, often plays a supporting role. Graphics gravitate towards monochrome, most often extracting artistic expressiveness from a combination of two colors: white (or another shade of the base) and black (or some other color of the coloring pigment). The stylistic means of graphics are diverse: from quick, direct, quickly executed sketches, sketches, sketches to carefully designed compositions - pictorial, decorative, type. The main differences between graphics and painting are: the predominance of a line in graphics (a line as such does not exist in nature at all, but in graphics it is either clearly drawn by some tool - be it a cutter, pencil or brush, or is created by adjacent spots - achromatic or chromatic, like in watercolor and gouache; the graphics are more contrasting, mainly the contrast of black and white, the contrast of the background and the pattern, the special interaction of the background and the image; the graphics do not clutter up the space, but rather create it, in some ways it is similar to music - it has pauses , and these pauses play a big role; graphics (especially drawing, lithography) give the artist more freedom than painting, due to the simplicity and accessibility of technology, the ability to work quickly, reflecting instant emotional experiences; graphics are mainly illustrative, they are more decorative (often used to create illustrations for books, cartoons, etc. d.).

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1. Graphic arts

The history of graphics begins with the Renaissance, when painting separated from architecture, and the process of separation of painting and drawing was completed. The term graphics has a Greek root: grapho - I write, I draw.

2. Drawing

Drawing precedes any creation of the artist. Its origin took place in ancient times, when rock art appeared. Later drawings on papyrus. (16-11 AD) Greek vase painting 5-4 AD. Drawing played a huge role in the Middle Ages, when architectural details and frescoes were developed. In the Renaissance and modern times, drawing from life is common.

Various materials are used for drawing. From tablets and parchment in antiquity to paper in modern times. The draftsman's tools are divided into dry (lead, pencil) and wet (brush, pen). The pin is a metal lead, in the Middle Ages it was lead, from the 15th century it was silver. He enjoyed particular popularity in the era of classicism. But in the 19th century it was supplanted by graphite pencil.

No less diverse was the use of the pen. (Michelangelo, Raphael, Guardi, Tiepolo). First reed, with a short break in the Middle Ages, when goose was used, then reed again in the Renaissance. At 17, it is replaced by metal.

Pen fluids in the Middle Ages were: ink nut, bistre, Chinese ink, in the 18th century - sepia, from the 19th century - aniline ink.

Leavis - washing with a blurry layer. (Tiepolo, A. Magnasco, O. Fragonard.) 17-18 centuries - the time of widespread use of tone pattern. Lavis becomes multicolored, in 2-3 tones (Guardi. Tiepolo, Rembrandt). Since the half of the 18th century pen drawing has dominated. Pre-romanticism and romanticism revive toon drawing (Goya, Delacroix, Géricault)

A soft line is given by materials such as charcoal, Italian pencil, sanguine. Leonardo, Andrea del Satro, Correggio worked in the sanguine technique. They also turned to the Italian pencil. Titian and Tintoretto worked in the corner.

In different eras, different techniques were used. Gothic is characterized by stylus and pen, High Renaissance - pen, Italian pencil, sanguine, mannerists - pen and brush, and from the 18th century - the technique of three pencils (sanguine, black chalk, whitewash)

Until the end of the 16th century the artists worked in workshops. Later, the first institution of higher education arose (1585) in Bologna. An academic system of education emerged.

In drawings from life, researchers distinguish several forms: kroki( sketches), sketch ( preparatory composition) study - drawing most closely related to nature.

In Russia of the 18th century, linear drawing dominated. (A. Matveev, Borovikovsky)

3. Printed graphics (engraving)

Printed graphics (engraving) makes it possible to obtain dozens of prints, original prints. There are various types of material on which the artistic image depends. The print is divided into high (convex), deep (recessed) and flat. The former include woodcuts (woodcuts) and linocuts. An example of flat printing is lithography.

Woodcut is the oldest type of engraving. Presumably originated in China. (6th century) In Europe, it has been known since the 14th century, its heyday - the 15th-16th century. In Russia, its birth has been celebrated since 1564. ("Apostle")

Great merit in the development of woodcuts had such German masters as Dürer, Holbein. And also the Italian Francesco Colonna. An analogue of such harmony as in these works is seen only in ancient Russian handwritten graphics, in the manuscripts of Kyiv (11th century), Novgorod and Pskov. (12-15th century)

Technique chiaroscuro - p Appeared in the 16th century, color woodcut mechanical way. She originated in China. In the 18th century, it found development in Japan. This technique has influenced the applied arts, its principle is the basis for the heeling of fabrics.

In the 17th and 18th century woodcuts were replaced by engravings on metal. But she didn't go all the way. graphics drawing material engraving

The 19th-20th century is marked in the history of the old xylography technique by the activities of such masters as Aubrey Beardsley in England, Felix Vallotton in France, Frans Maserel in Belgium, etc. In the Russian school 20 such masters as Favorsky. V A, Falileev V. D, Kravchenko A I, Goncharov A D, Ostroumova - Lebedeva A P.

Linocut - engraving on linoleum. It originated at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, but became widespread half a century later. It also refers to letterpress printing technique. This technique was used by the Mexican artists of the "Folk Graphics Workshop" L. Mendez, in Russia - D. I. Mitrokhin, V. D. Falileev. Modern masters - G. Zakharov, I. Golitsyn, A. Ushin managed to break the "severity" of linocut.

Gravure printing is a technique such as metal engraving. Alexei and Ivan Zubov and Alexei Rostovtsev.

Depending on the method of drawing a picture on a board, several types of engraving on metal are distinguished: engraving or drypoint cutter and mezzotint; or chemically: etching, soft varnish, aquatint. There is also mixed media - "pencil style" and dotted line.

Cutting engraving obtained by processing a metal board with a special cutter - with a graver."Shaving" from the furrows, which in the engraving is called barbs, smoothed out with a special trowel - scraper. The artist in engraving engraving feels much freer than in woodcuts. The difference between cutting engraving and woodcut printing is that the paint for each print must be applied again. The number of prints is not unlimited (max. 300)

15th century - in Germany, the master, famous painter and graphic artist Martin Schongauer, in Italy - A. Mantegna, A. Pollaiolo. There are several anonymous masters before them. The heyday of incisor engraving falls on the 16th century. associated with the name of A. Dürer. In Russia in the 17th century. A. Tukhmensky, L. Bunin worked, in the 18th century. E.P. Chemesov, G.I. Skorodumov, in the 19th century. - N.I. Utkin, F.P. Tolstoy, in the 20th century. D.I.Mitrokhin.

The main type of engraving with chemical treatment of the board is etching. The heyday falls on the 17th-18th century, although it arose in the 16th century. Furrows are filled with paint. Board surfaces free from varnish are poisoned with acid. Many masters turned to etching, such as Dürer, Callot, Rembrand, Reynolds, Tiepolo, Canaletto, Piranesa, Hogarth, Watteau, Boucher, Fragonard. Goya sometimes combined etching with aquatint. The Barbizon, Impressionists, V.A. Serov, as well as P. Picasso, J. Morandi, F. Brangvin, and many modern graphic artists worked in the etching technique. Such wonderful masters are the brothers Alexei and Ivan Zubov, Alexei Rostovtsev.

soft varnish- in fact, a kind of etching. Only grease is added to the varnish and therefore the primer becomes especially soft. The most famous master of the 20th century. considered to be Kaethe Kollwitz.

A variety of etching is also aquatint. It resembles an ink wash drawing. There is evidence that the aquatint technique was invented by Jean-Baptiste Leprince in 1765.

From mixed media in the 18th century. Has spread pencil style, looks like a soft varnish. In the 18th century, this technique was used exclusively as a reproduction technique, for translating the drawings of famous masters into engraving.

Dotted (dotted) manner known since the 16th century. and borrowed from jewelry. Received special development in the 18th century. in England, where a whole school arose, headed by Bartolozzi.

Lithography (stone engraving) - flat print. This technique was invented by A. Senefelder in Munich in 1796. The drawing is applied to the stone, prints are made on a special lithographic machine. Lithography became the most favored technique of the 19th century. The romantics Bonington, Géricault, Delacroix worked there. In Russia, such genre painters as I.S. Shchedrovsky and V.F. Timm.

Tue half 7pm. 20th century two lines can be traced in the development of lithography: refined, sketchy and very concise in manner (E. Manet, E. Degas, J. Whistler, A. Fantin-Latour, A. Marquet) and sharply social, political in nature, coming from Daumier (K. Kollwitz, T. Steinler, later - F. Brangvin). The master of lithography was the French painter Albert Marquet.

Features of chromolithography are perfectly used in Russian children's illustration. Yu.A. Vasnetsov, E.I. Charushin, B. Ermolaev.

4. Types of graphics

According to its purpose and content, graphics are divided into easel, magazine and newspaper, poster, book illustration and industrial graphics. Artistic drawing is a work of easel graphics. In the technique of drawing, you can perform works of various genres. Sometimes easel drawings are combined in series (D.A. Shmarinov, L.F. Soyfertis, A.F. Pakhomov)

print - print made on paper from a wooden or metal board or other material.

The most common type Newspaper graphics is a caricature. This is an exaggeration, most often with a mockery. (18th century - W. Hogarth, 19th century - T. Rowlandson, 1812 I.I. Terebenev. 1830 and 1843 - lithographs by Daumier.

By the presence of text, only more concise caricature is close poster. More recent type of graphics. end of the 19th century. The poster may be based on a caricature, satirical or dramatic image.

One of the largest and most important areas of graphics is book illustration. It started with miniatures. It was known in Ancient Egypt, in antiquity and late antiquity, in Byzantium, in Medieval Europe. In the 14-15 centuries. book illustration in the modern sense appears in the West. (Botticelli drawings for Dante's Divine Comedy.)

In Tue half 19 early 20 a number of artists, mainly in England (Pre-Raphaelites, then W. Morris and his workshops of arts and crafts, later O. Beardsley.) did a lot for book illustration.

The work of an illustrator is always subordinate to the work to which he makes it. But he shouldn't be his commentator.

The book sign is closely related to the book - bookplate - a sign of the owner of the book, which is most often a composition of a symbolic or allegorical nature. In terms of technique, these are most often woodcuts, etchings, and lithographs. Printed on a separate sheet and pasted on the flyleaf. It is rather part of industrial graphics. This area includes trademarks, brand names, postal, trade, publishing marks, various packaging, etc.

All types of graphics are related by the commonality of the material and expressive means, the artist's operation with a pencil on paper or other materials. The main expressive means of all types of graphics are line, silhouette, contour and spot, chiaroscuro.

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Printed graphics and its types

Printed graphics are created using author's printing forms. Printed graphics make it possible to distribute graphic works in numerous equivalent copies.
Previously, printed graphics (print) served for repeated reproduction (illustrations, reproductions of paintings, posters, etc.), because. in fact, was the only way to mass print images.
At present, the copying technique has developed, so printed graphics have become an independent art form.

Types of printed graphics

print

An engraving (fr. Estampe) is a print on paper from a printing plate (matrix). Original prints are those made by the artist himself or with his participation.
The print has been known in Europe since the 15th century. Initially, printmaking was not an independent section of fine art, but only a technique for reproducing images.

Types of print

Types of prints differ in the way the printing form is created and the printing method. Thus, there are 4 main print techniques.

Letterpress: woodcut; linocut; engraving on cardboard.

Woodcut

A woodcut is an engraving on wood or an impression on paper made from such an engraving. Woodcut is the oldest wood engraving technique. It arose and became widespread in the countries of the Far East (VI-VIII centuries). The first examples of Western European engravings made in this technique appeared at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries.
The woodcut masters were Hokusai, A. Durer, A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, V. Favorsky, G. Epifanov, Ya. Gnezdovsky, V. Mate and many others. other.

I. Gnezdovsky. Christmas card

Linocut

Linocut is a method of engraving on linoleum. This method arose at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. with the invention of linoleum. Linoleum is a good material for large prints. For engraving, linoleum with a thickness of 2.5 to 5 mm is used. Linocut tools use the same tools as for longitudinal engraving: angular and longitudinal chisels, as well as a knife for precise trimming of small details. In Russia, N. Sheverdyaev, a student of Vasily Mate, was the first to use this technique. In the future, this technique for the manufacture of easel engravings and especially in book illustrations was used by Elizaveta Kruglikova, Boris Kustodiev, Vadim Falileev, Vladimir Favorsky, Alexander Deineka, Konstantin Kostenko, Lidia Ilyina and others.

B. Kustodiev "Portrait of a Lady". Linocut
Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Frans Maserel, German expressionists, American artists worked abroad in the linocut technique.
Of contemporary artists, linocut is actively used by Georg Baselitz, Stanley Donwood, Bill Fike.
Both black and white and color linocut are used.

R. Gusev. Colored linocut. Still life "Egg"

Engraving on cardboard

Type of print. A technologically simple type of engraving, it is used even in art classes.
But in the twentieth century some significant graphic artists have used board prints in their professional practice. A relief print for printing is made using an application made up of individual cardboard elements. The thickness of the cardboard must be at least 2 mm.

Engraving on cardboard

Gravure: etching techniques (needle etching, aquatint, lavis, dotted line, pencil style, drypoint; soft varnish; mezzotint, engraving).

Etching

Etching is a kind of engraving on metal, a technique that allows you to get prints from printing plates (“boards”), in the process of creating an image on which the surface is etched with acids. Etching has been known since the beginning of the 16th century. Albrecht Durer, Jacques Callot, Rembrandt and many other artists worked in the etching technique.

Rembrandt "The Sermon of Christ" (1648). Etching, drypoint, cutter

Mezzotint

Mezzotint ("black manner") - a type of engraving on metal. The main difference from other etching styles is not the creation of a system of depressions (strokes and dots), but the smoothing of light places on a grained board. Mezzotint effects cannot be obtained in other ways. The image here is created due to the different gradation of light areas on a black background.

Mezzotint technique

flat print: lithography, monotype.

Lithography

Lithography is a printing method in which ink is transferred under pressure from a flat printing plate to paper. Lithography is based on the physico-chemical principle, which implies obtaining an impression from a completely smooth surface (stone), which, due to appropriate processing, acquires the property of accepting special lithographic ink in its individual sections.

Universitetskaya Embankment, 19th century, lithograph by Muller after a drawing by I. Charlemagne

Monotype

The term comes from mono... and Greek. τυπος - imprint. This is a type of printed graphics, which consists in applying paints by hand on a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate, followed by printing on a machine; the impression received on paper is always the only one, unique. In psychology and pedagogy, the monotype technique is used to develop the imagination of older preschool children.

Monotype
Everyone can master the technique of monotype. It is necessary to randomly apply paints (watercolors, gouache) on a smooth surface, then press this side to the paper. During the tear off of the sheet, the colors are mixed, which subsequently add up to a beautiful harmonious picture. Then your imagination begins to work, and on the basis of this picture you create your masterpiece.
The colors for the next composition are chosen intuitively. It depends on the state you are in. You can create a monotype with certain colors.
Screen printing: silkscreen techniques; cutout stencil.

silkscreen

A method of reproducing texts and inscriptions, as well as images (monochrome or color) using a screen printing plate, through which the ink penetrates onto the printed material.

I. Sh. Elgurt "Vezhraksala" (1967). silkscreen

Unique graphics

Unique graphics are created in a single copy (drawing, application, etc.).

Types of graphics by purpose

easel graphics

Drawing is the basis of all types of fine arts. Without knowledge of the basics of academic drawing, an artist cannot competently work on a work of art.

Drawing can be performed as an independent work of graphics or serves as the initial stage for the creation of pictorial, graphic, sculptural or architectural designs.
Drawings are mostly created on paper. In the easel drawing, the entire set of graphic materials is used: a variety of crayons, paints applied with a brush and pen (ink, ink), pencils, graphite pencil and charcoal.

book graphics

It includes book illustrations, vignettes, splash screens, drop caps, covers, dust jackets, etc. Book graphics can also include magazine and newspaper graphics.
Illustration- a drawing, photograph, engraving or other image that explains the text. Illustrations for texts have been used since ancient times.
Hand-drawn miniatures were used in ancient Russian handwritten books. With the advent of printing, illustrations made by hand were replaced by engraving.
Some well-known artists, in addition to their main occupation, also turned to illustration (S. V. Ivanov, A. M. Vasnetsov, V. M. Vasnetsov, B. M. Kustodiev, A. N. Benois, D. N. Kardovsky , E. E. Lansere, V. A. Serov, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, V. Ya. Chambers.
For others, illustration was the basis of their work (Evgeny Kibrik, Lidia Ilyina, Vladimir Suteev, Boris Dekhterev, Nikolai Radlov, Viktor Chizhikov, Vladimir Konashevich, Boris Diodorov, Evgeny Rachev, and others).

(fr. vignette) - decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or at the end of the text.
Typically, vignettes are based on plant motifs, abstract images, or images of people and animals. The task of the vignette is to give the book an artistically designed look, i.e. this is the design of the book.

Vignettes
In Russia, the design of the text with vignettes was in great fashion in the modern era (vignettes by Konstantin Somov, Alexander Benois, Eugene Lansere are known).

dust jacket

Applied Graphics

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec "Moulin Rouge, La Goulue" (1891)
Poster- the main type of applied graphics. In modern forms, the poster took shape in the 19th century. as commercial and theatrical advertising (posters), and then began to carry out the tasks of political agitation (posters by V. V. Mayakovsky, D. S. Moor, A. A. Deineka, etc.).

Posters by V. Mayakovsky

Computer graphics

In computer graphics, computers are used as a tool for creating images and for processing visual information obtained from the real world.
Computer graphics are divided into scientific, business, design, illustrative, artistic, advertising, computer animation, multimedia.

Yutaka Kagaya "Eternal Song" Computer graphics

Other types of graphics

Splint

Type of graphics, an image with a caption, characterized by simplicity and accessibility of images. Originally a kind of folk art. It was carried out in the technique of woodcuts, copper engravings, lithographs and was complemented by freehand coloring.
Lubok is characterized by simplicity of technique, laconism of visual means (a rough stroke, bright coloring). Lubok often contains a detailed narrative with explanatory inscriptions and additional (explanatory, complementary) images to the main one.

Splint

Letter graphics

The graphics of the letter form a special, independent area of graphics.

Calligraphy(Greek calligraphia - beautiful writing) - the art of writing. Calligraphy brings writing closer to art. The peoples of the East, especially the Arabs, are considered unsurpassed masters in the art of calligraphy. The Koran forbade artists to portray living beings, so artists improved in ornaments and calligraphy. For the Chinese, Japanese and Koreans, the hieroglyph was not only a written sign, but also a work of art at the same time. The text, written ugly, could not be considered perfect in content.

Sumi-e art(sumi-e) is a Japanese adaptation of a Chinese ink painting technique. This technique is most expressive due to brevity. Each brush stroke is expressive and significant. In sumi-e, a combination of simple and elegant is clearly manifested. The artist does not paint a specific subject, he depicts the image, the essence of this subject. Works in the sumi-e technique are devoid of excessive detail and give the viewer room for imagination.