What is tracing paper and what are the areas of its application. A unique property is transparency! Types of tracing paper in the USSR
Nikolay Dubina [email protected]
Tracing paper ( fr. calque, English. Tracing paper) is a thin transparent paper used for drawing, light and hand copying. Tracing paper appeared at the beginning of the 17th century. This is a translucent, rigid paper containing finely ground cellulose. Its structure is characterized by high density, which makes it possible to make it as thin as possible.
Before the era of computer-assisted drafting, tracing paper was used in design and construction to jointly view floor plans or mechanical level drawings together to check the compatibility of different design sheets drawn by different people. Tracing paper is a kind of analogue of many “layers” in computerized drawing. Currently, various types of tracing paper are produced that can pass under the rollers of a printer or copier without jamming or jamming. Such varieties are used for printing a drawing of a standard assembly or a drawing of a part, as well as when searching for an engineering solution through an overlay on the main drawing.
Tracing paper is usually made from bleached sulphate cellulose with the addition of wood pulp, rag and cotton pulp without filler (or with a small content) to some of its types and is well sized. Or, as an option, from ready-made glassine.
High-quality tracing paper, used for copying drawings in ink and for blueprinting, is heavily moistened during production, calendered under high roll pressure and oiled with film-forming substances. It is the high degree of compression of relatively simple paper that partially ensures its transparency to light.
The main property of tracing paper is transparency. There are two ways to achieve it:
- calendering;
- increasing the degree (degree) of grinding of cellulose fiber.
The second method is more effective because, along with high transparency, it allows for high strength, but it is also more expensive to manufacture. It is also possible to combine the two methods. It is this path that some modern domestic manufacturers have taken, which has made it possible to obtain a high-quality product while maintaining an acceptable price.
Tracing paper for drawing and copying with a pencil (matte, without a glossy side) is precisely transparent, non-calendered paper. Tracing paper with a glossy side was of two types in the USSR:
- ink, on a paper base with a semi-gloss sheen, very thin and fragile, much thinner and mechanically weaker than pencil tracing paper;
- film-like lavsan, where the glossy side was the most transparent film base (lavsan, celluloid or vinyl), noticeably thicker and stronger than both types of paper, and a rough translucent matte coating for drawing was applied to the film itself.
The surface of double-sided matte tracing paper is much more abrasive than that of ordinary drawing or office paper. This significantly accelerates the wear of non-ball tools that operate on the principle of direct sliding of metal on paper, such as metal quills and fountain pens, rapidographs and drawing pens. In the absence of an abrasive stone at hand, matte tracing paper is used as a grinding material to polish factory calligraphic nibs to an acceptable gliding smoothness (chamfering the contact area) and rounding the outer corners of the pen that scratch the paper.
Matte pencil tracing paper from the times of the USSR is so abrasive that it can be used as a handy grinding material not only for soft metals like copper and brass, but also for steel and even glass.
Cripple standards
Substance |
Density |
Humidity |
Roughness |
Transparency |
Tensile strength (mD) |
Surface Alkali pH |
Today in designer collections you can find not only matte transparent paper, but also textured, colored and mother-of-pearl tracing papers. Oddly enough, the technology for making this type of paper is still unknown to many people. Only product manufacturers are privy to the secret of its creation.
Initially, the product was intended for drawing work. Basically, only specialists in this field knew what tracing paper was. Today the product is used in many areas. It is used for manual copying, and now even a primary school student can easily answer the question of what tracing paper is.
However, not every artist dares to use this paper in their work - and all because sometimes the result can be completely unpredictable. In principle, tracing paper is an essential item for people in creative professions, such as artists. An architectural student will also not be able to do without tracing paper.
The use of this material allows you to significantly reduce the time required to create several layouts. This type of paper is not afraid of repeated folding, and in addition, this material is quite durable. Tracing paper is compact for storage.
Designer tracing paper is a very capricious material, but at the same time extremely beautiful. Don't forget that two problems can arise when printing. Not all types of tracing paper can be used in printing, since on some it is simply impossible to carry out a high-quality transfer.
Another problem is that it may be difficult to feed the sheets into the press, as well as to pass the sheets through it while printing. That is why it is better to entrust this process to professionals.
Tracing paper on the Russian paper market
Despite the apparent diversity, the supply of cripples on the Russian market is quite limited. Nevertheless, what is offered will more than cover the needs of even very demanding customers - both in density and size, and in color. So, what is offered by large suppliers?..
Alexander Brown
The German factory Schoellershammer has existed since 1784 and is famous throughout the world for its tracing papers. The successful combination of traditional papermaking methods and modern technologies has made them a role model and quality standard for translucent design papers. Buyers are provided with classic white GlamaBasic tracing paper.
Pure cellulose tracing paper GlamaBasic bleached without adding chlorine, do not contain acids and are highly resistant to aging. They are suitable for most printing and finishing methods: letterpress and offset printing, silk-screen printing, varnishing, laminating, embossing, die-cutting, laser die-cutting, hot foil stamping, creasing and folding. Also suitable for use in office equipment: inkjet and laser printers. In any case, it is recommended to make a test print before printing.
Density (g/m2): 92, 112, 150, 180, 280.
Format (cm/cm): 70x100.
Antalis
Made by Arjowiggins, England
Transparent tracing paper Curious Translucents Clear and colored tracing paper Curious Translucents Color- an innovative collection of designer papers, fully FSC certified.
Curious Translucents are pure cellulose tracing papers of the highest quality. The line of cripples allows you to play with the shades of paper and the printed image, and has many effects: Clear - natural transparent; Clear Effects - Linear; Space Dust (splashes); Colored - metallic, bright and natural shades:
- Curious Color Bright white - extra white;
- Curious Color pearl - mother of pearl;
- Curious Color silver - pearl silver;
- Curious Color gold - mother of pearl gold.
Curious Translucents tracing papers are suitable for the main types of printing: offset printing with foil and UV inks (following the manufacturer's recommendations), screen printing, flexography. Embossing, die-cutting, and folding are excellent post-printing processing methods.
Density (g/m2): 90 and 100.
Format (cm/cm): 70x100.
Europapier
Made by Schoellershammer, Germany
Primed tracing paper Glama Digital made by Schoellershammer, in 112 and 150 g weights. This tracing paper is HP certified and is part of a wide range of specialized materials for HP Indigo machines. Supplied in 460x320 mm format, packed in packs of 250 sheets.
FSC certified.
Bereg Company
Manufacturer: Fedrigoni, Italy
GSC (Golden Star Color)
Pure cellulose colored translucent paper, tinted in the paste. Supplied in sheets of 70x100 cm format with a density of 100 and 200 g/m2.
Large selection of colors:
- Blue - dark blue;
- Yellow - bright yellow;
- Red - red;
- Green - dark green;
- Coffee - coffee;
- Cream - creamy;
- Fluo Green - fluorescent green.
And also metallized:
- Gold - golden;
- Silver - silver.
GSK (Golden Star K)
Pure cellulose paper of high transparency - “tracing paper”. Available in two shades of white: Extra White and Premium White. The bleaching process is carried out using a chlorine-free method. Paper is completely biodegradable and recyclable.
Supplied both in sheets of printing format 70x100 cm, and in sheets for digital printing from A4 format for office equipment to 32x46.4 cm for HP Indigo. Density range - from 80 to 240 g/m2.
Pergamenata
Pure cellulose translucent paper imitating matte parchment. Supplied in SRA3 format sheets for digital printing and in 70x100 cm printing format sheets in a density range from 90 to 230 g/m2.
Available in two colors:
- Bianca - white;
- Naturale - beige.
Pergamenata Pearl
Pure cellulose translucent paper with a metallic sheen. Has a double-sided mother-of-pearl coating. Available in sheets of 70x100 cm format.
Available in three colors:
- Ice - ice;
- Silver - silver;
- Bronze - bronze.
All presented papers are FSC and ISO 9706 certified (durable or long lasting paper). They are designed taking into account the specifics of offset, silk screen and flexography printing, and have shown excellent results in post-printing processing. Materials supplied in digital formats are certified by HP Indigo and Xerox.
Tracing paper produced by the Fedrigoni concern has proven itself in Russia. Over the past 20 years, it has pleased Russian printers with the quality and high technology of the material, and designers and artists with its original appearance and a wide selection of possible applications.
Take B
Manufactured by Schoellershammer (Germany)
In addition to pure cellulose translucent white tracing paper Glama Basic, which was already mentioned above, the company offers Glama Color- also pure cellulose, but tinted tracing paper.
It is recommended for offset, silk-screen, letterpress printing, as well as for varnishing, embossing, blind and foil stamping. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Preliminary testing is necessary.
Density 62 g/m2 -
250 sheets and 100 g/m2 - 125 sheets.
- Glama Basic - white;
- Glama Color - dark burgundy;
- Glama Color - black;
- Glama Color - blue;
- Glama Color - green;
- Glama Color - pink;
- Glama Color - red;
- Glama Color - wine red.
Made by Zanders, Germany
Pure cellulose tinted tracing paper Zanders spectral, wide range of colors. Recommended for offset, silk-screen, digital (preliminary testing required), letterpress printing, as well as varnishing, embossing, blind and foil stamping. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Preliminary testing is necessary.
The collection contains envelopes.
Supplied in sheets 65x92 cm and 70x100 cm; 100 sheets per pack.
Density: 100 and 200 g/m2.
- Snow white;
- White;
- Honey;
- Mint green;
- Blue frost;
- Pink lollipop;
- Lilac fog;
- Cherry;
- Orange;
- Sunny yellow;
- Yellow-green;
- Blue Lake;
- Ultraviolet.
Pure cellulose tracing paper Zanders T2000. Recommended for multicolor offset printing, for making original layouts, drawing, copying. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Preliminary testing is necessary.
Supplied in sheets 70x100 cm.
Density 9095 g/m2 - 500 sheets, 8085, 110, 110115 g/m2 - 250 sheets, 150 g/m2 - 125 sheets.
Palette: regular translucent.
Manufacturer: Fabriano, Italy
Cellulose paper Pergamon with a “crystal” effect, in appearance it resembles Trans Marque tracing paper with a similar pattern.
Made from ECF cellulose and FSC certified. Suitable for single-color and full-color printing using offset and screen technologies. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Preliminary testing is necessary.
Supplied in sheets 70x100 cm.
Density 110 g/m2 - 200 sheets; 160 g/m2 - 200 sheets.
Tracing paper (paper)- This is translucent paper, most often painted white. Today, ordinary white translucent paper has been transformed and located among designer paper collections. The transparency and density of tracing paper is achieved due to less crushed fiber than in ordinary paper and the addition of binders and resin. Thus, the trace is usually denser than that of the same thickness. Tracing paper does not have a standard classification.
What kind of tracing paper is there?
Most often, it differs in purpose and types of printing as follows:
Paper in rolls is intended mainly for technical work on plotters and laser copiers, as well as drawing with ink and pencil.
Tracing paper sizes
The most commonly used tracing paper widths are 297 mm, 420 mm, 594 mm, 610 mm, 841 mm, 914 mm (imported) and 420 mm, 625 mm, 878 mm (Domestic). A4 and A3 are popular for printing on copiers and laser printers, and for offset and stencil printing, printing formats are preferable - 70 by 100 cm, etc. Modern tracing paper comes in the following types: 
- classic white;
- all possible colors and shades;
- matte, imitation parchment;
- for gold and silver;
- with various patterns;
- with patterns that imitate water.
Traditional use of paper (tracing paper)- in booklets and calendars it is used as the second sheet after the cover. Tracing paper is used for inserts with the text of an invitation or postcard. Sometimes an envelope is made from tracing paper to match or the same color as the envelope. Also popular on tracing paper.
Tracing paper causes virtually no problems in printing.
Ways to work with tracing paper
Tracing paper has proven itself well in offset printing, but the surface of tracing paper does not absorb moisture, so foil ink is recommended. Tracing paper does not dry well, so to avoid dragging paint from one sheet to another, it is better to unload the receiving area in a timely manner. You need to hold the finished prints in small piles because the paint needs to set.
Excellent recommendation for the use of cripples and in the form of printing. When printing on DPM toners(Xerox, Canon, Konica Minolta, etc.), you must test the system on one sheet. Sometimes the toner does not bake onto the tracing paper correctly and falls off. When printing, it is necessary to take into account the temperature of the fuser, since you can lose not only the paper, but also the printing device. As a rule, the main characteristics of the material (low resistance) are indicated in the specification. Exotic problems are also possible - some brands of tinted tracing paper change color after heating. 
It is better to glue tracing paper with synthetic glue, because water-based adhesive may cause a wavy effect at the gluing site. Tracing paper is sensitive to changes in climatic conditions, which means that in order to avoid curling of the paper before and after printing, the material must be protected from drafts and changes in temperature and humidity.
A common property of all types of tracing paper- the ability to absorb moisture from the air and increased sensitivity to changes in conditions in the print shop, so the packaging should be opened only immediately before printing. During the printing process, stable humidity and temperature are maintained (+20 °C and 50% humidity).
Sometimes difficulties arise during post-processing: the material is very dense and difficult to cut. The recommended height of the tracing paper stack when processing with a saber or guillotine cutter should be no more than 5 cm.
Before ordering on tracing paper, do not forget to consult with the technologist of the printing house where you plan to complete the order. When working with any designer paper, you need to study it, do a few test prints and follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
Look video about using tracing paper as paper for transferring drawings onto wood.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
High-quality tracing paper, used for copying drawings in ink and for blueprinting, is heavily moistened during production, calendered under high roll pressure and oiled with film-forming substances. It is the high degree of compaction of relatively plain paper that partially ensures its transparency to light.
The main property of tracing paper is transparency. There are two ways to achieve it:
- calendering;
- increasing the degree (degree) of grinding of cellulose fiber.
The second method is more effective, since along with high transparency it allows one to achieve high strength, but it is also more expensive. It is also possible to combine the two methods. It is this path that some modern domestic manufacturers have taken, which has made it possible to obtain a high-quality product while maintaining an acceptable price.
Tracing paper for drawing and copying with a pencil (matte, without a glossy side) is precisely transparent, non-calendered paper. Tracing paper with a glossy side was of two types in the USSR:
- ink, on a paper base with a semi-gloss sheen, very thin and vulnerable, much thinner and mechanically weaker than pencil tracing paper;
- film-like lavsan, where the glossy side was the most transparent film base (lavsan, celluloid or vinyl), noticeably thicker and stronger than both types of paper, and a rough translucent matte coating for drawing was applied to the film itself.
The surface of double-sided matte tracing paper is much more abrasive than that of ordinary drawing or office paper. This greatly accelerates the wear of non-ballpoint tools that work on the principle of direct sliding of metal on paper, for example, metal quills and fountain pens, rapidographs and drawing pens. In the absence of an abrasive stone at hand, matte tracing paper is used as a grinding material to polish factory calligraphy nibs to an acceptable gliding smoothness (chamfering the contact area) and rounding the outer corners of the pen that scratch the paper.
Matte pencil tracing paper from the times of the USSR is so abrasive that it can be used as a handy grinding material not only for soft metals like copper and brass, but for steel and even glass. The glass matted with abrasives was treated with GOI paste No. 3 (chrome oxide, grain size - 17-8 microns), and finishing sanding paper with abrasive marked as “3000 grit JIS” (oxides, grain size - 4‑5 µm). After high-speed grinding with matte tracing paper (made in the USSR in the 1980s), the glass lost any hint of gloss that appeared after grinding with “3000 grit” abrasive and became rougher, and the sliding of Teflon feet of equipment weighing 145-154 grams on the glass also deteriorated quite noticeably . Polishing the glass with tracing paper immediately after GOI paste No. 3 (without the intermediate stage of grinding with “3000 grit” abrasive) resulted in a complete lack of shine and gloss stated for this paste number. During subsequent (after polishing with tracing paper) polishing with a paste, the glass surface became more abrasive to plastics and Teflon than after polishing with matte tracing paper. In total, the approximate assessment of the abrasiveness of pencil tracing paper lies between 4 microns and 17-8 microns, and subjectively corresponds to “2000 grit” sanding paper (grain size - 7-8 microns), adjusted for the extremely small volume of material being removed.
Samples of TAKEYO tracing paper.jpg
Sheets of tracing paper
GatewayTracingNewRoll.jpg
Roll of tracing paper
| Substance | Density | Humidity | Roughness | Transparency | Tensile strength ( ) | Surface Alkali pH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISO 536 | ISO 287 | ISO 8791-2 | ISO 2469 | ISO 1974 | ISO 6588 | |
| / ² | / ³ | ml/min | % | |||
| 42 | 1,200÷1,235 | 7 | 100-300 | 79+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 53 | 1,200÷1,235 | 7 | 100-300 | 77+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 63 | 1,220÷1,250 | 7 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 73 | 1,220÷1,250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 83 | 1,220÷1,250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 93 | 1,220÷1,250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 100 | 1,220÷1,250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 112 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 73+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 130 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 69+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 150 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 65+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 160 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 61+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 170 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 59+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 190 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 55+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 200 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 53+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 240 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 47+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 280 | 1,220÷1,250 | 8 | 100-300 | 45+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
Write a review about the article "Tracing paper (paper)"
Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Links
- (English) .
- . Collection of excerpts on production.
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Excerpt characterizing Tracing paper (paper)
Sonya interrupted him.“I already refused,” she said hastily.
- If you refuse for me, then I’m afraid that on me...
Sonya interrupted him again. She looked at him with pleading, frightened eyes.
“Nicolas, don’t tell me that,” she said.
- No, I have to. Maybe this is suffisance [arrogance] on my part, but it’s better to say. If you refuse for me, then I must tell you the whole truth. I love you, I think, more than anyone...
“That’s enough for me,” Sonya said, flushing.
- No, but I have fallen in love a thousand times and will continue to fall in love, although I do not have such a feeling of friendship, trust, love for anyone as for you. Then I'm young. Maman doesn't want this. Well, it's just that I don't promise anything. And I ask you to think about Dolokhov’s proposal,” he said, having difficulty pronouncing his friend’s last name.
- Don't tell me that. I don't want anything. I love you like a brother, and will always love you, and I don’t need anything more.
“You are an angel, I am not worthy of you, but I am only afraid of deceiving you.” – Nikolai kissed her hand again.
Yogel had the most fun balls in Moscow. This was what the mothers said, looking at their adolescentes [girls] performing their newly learned steps; this was said by the adolescentes and adolescents themselves, [girls and boys] who danced until they dropped; these grown-up girls and young men who came to these balls with the idea of condescending to them and finding the best fun in them. In the same year, two marriages took place at these balls. The two pretty princesses of the Gorchakovs found suitors and got married, and even more so they launched these balls into glory. What was special about these balls was that there was no host and hostess: there was the good-natured Yogel, like flying feathers, shuffling around according to the rules of art, who accepted tickets for lessons from all his guests; The thing was that only those who wanted to dance and have fun, like 13 and 14 year old girls who put on long dresses for the first time, wanted to go to these balls. Everyone, with rare exceptions, was or seemed pretty: they all smiled so enthusiastically and their eyes lit up so much. Sometimes even the best students danced pas de chale, of whom the best was Natasha, distinguished by her grace; but at this last ball only ecosaises, anglaises and the mazurka, which was just coming into fashion, were danced. The hall was taken by Yogel to Bezukhov’s house, and the ball was a great success, as everyone said. There were a lot of pretty girls, and the Rostov ladies were among the best. They were both especially happy and cheerful. That evening, Sonya, proud of Dolokhov’s proposal, her refusal and explanation with Nikolai, was still spinning at home, not allowing the girl to finish her braids, and now she was glowing through and through with impetuous joy.
Natasha, no less proud that she was wearing a long dress for the first time at a real ball, was even happier. Both were wearing white muslin dresses with pink ribbons.
Natasha became in love from the very minute she entered the ball. She was not in love with anyone in particular, but she was in love with everyone. The one she looked at at the moment she looked at was the one she was in love with.
- Oh, how good! – she kept saying, running up to Sonya.
Nikolai and Denisov walked through the halls, looking at the dancers affectionately and patronizingly.
“How sweet she will be,” Denisov said.
- Who?
“Athena Natasha,” answered Denisov.
“And how she dances, what a g”ation!” after a short silence, he said again.
- Who are you talking about?
“About your sister,” Denisov shouted angrily.
Rostov grinned.
– Mon cher comte; vous etes l"un de mes meilleurs ecoliers, il faut que vous dansiez,” said little Jogel, approaching Nikolai. “Voyez combien de jolies demoiselles.” [My dear Count, you are one of my best students. You need to dance. Look how much pretty girls!] – He made the same request to Denisov, also his former student.
“Non, mon cher, je fe"ai tapisse"ie, [No, my dear, I’ll sit by the wall," Denisov said. “Don’t you remember how badly I used your lessons?”
- Oh no! – Jogel said hastily consoling him. – You were only inattentive, but you had abilities, yes, you had abilities.
The newly introduced mazurka was played; Nikolai could not refuse Yogel and invited Sonya. Denisov sat down next to the old ladies and, leaning his elbows on his saber, stamping his beat, told something cheerfully and made the old ladies laugh, looking at the dancing young people. Yogel, in the first couple, danced with Natasha, his pride and best student. Gently, tenderly moving his feet in his shoes, Yogel was the first to fly across the hall with Natasha, who was timid, but diligently performing steps. Denisov did not take his eyes off her and tapped the beat with his saber, with an expression that clearly said that he himself did not dance only because he did not want to, and not because he could not. In the middle of the figure, he called Rostov, who was passing by, to him.
“It’s not the same at all,” he said. - Is this a Polish mazurka? And she dances excellently. - Knowing that Denisov was even famous in Poland for his skill in dancing the Polish mazurka, Nikolai ran up to Natasha:
- Go and choose Denisov. Here he is dancing! Miracle! - he said.
When it was Natasha’s turn again, she stood up and quickly fingering her shoes with bows, timidly, ran alone across the hall to the corner where Denisov was sitting. She saw that everyone was looking at her and waiting. Nikolai saw that Denisov and Natasha were arguing, smiling, and that Denisov was refusing, but smiling joyfully. He ran up.
“Please, Vasily Dmitrich,” Natasha said, “let’s go, please.”
“Yes, that’s it, g’athena,” Denisov said.
“Well, that’s enough, Vasya,” said Nikolai.
“It’s like they’re trying to persuade Vaska the cat,” Denisov said jokingly.
“I’ll sing to you all evening,” said Natasha.
- The sorceress will do anything to me! - Denisov said and unfastened his saber. He came out from behind the chairs, firmly took his lady by the hand, raised his head and put his foot down, waiting for tact. Only on horseback and in the mazurka, Denisov’s short stature was not visible, and he seemed to be the same young man that he felt himself to be. Having waited for the beat, he glanced triumphantly and playfully at his lady from the side, suddenly tapped one of his feet and, like a ball, bounced elastically off the floor and flew along in a circle, dragging his lady with him. He silently flew halfway across the hall on one leg, and it seemed that he did not see the chairs standing in front of him and rushed straight towards them; but suddenly, clicking his spurs and spreading his legs, he stopped on his heels, stood there for a second, with the roar of spurs, knocked his feet in one place, quickly turned around and, clicking his right foot with his left foot, again flew in a circle. Natasha guessed what he intended to do, and, without knowing how, she followed him - surrendering herself to him. Now he circled her, now on his right, now on his left hand, now falling on his knees, he circled her around him, and again he jumped up and started forward with such swiftness, as if he intended to run across all the rooms without taking a breath; then suddenly he stopped again and again made a new and unexpected knee. When he, briskly spinning the lady in front of her place, snapped his spur, bowing before her, Natasha did not even curtsey for him. She stared at him in bewilderment, smiling as if she didn’t recognize him. - What is this? - she said.
Tracing – a process consisting in the fact that the constituent parts of a word (morpheme) or phrase are replaced by their direct correspondence in the target language
brain drain - brain drain
house of culture - House of Culture
park of culture and rest - Park of Culture and Rest
Candidate of Science
collective farm - collective farm
head of the government
Supreme Court
mixed laws - mixed laws
Winter Palace - Winter Palace
White House - White House
"White Guard" - The White Guard
the Democratic Party - Democratic Party
Our Home - Russia - Our Home Is Russia
fruits of the enlightenment - the Fruits of the Enlightenment
Income tax - income tax
a standard key-combination - standard key combination
decision-making - decision making
risk analysis - risk analysis
Types of cripples:
Lexical tracing paper (word-formation)
a word created according to a foreign language word-formation model, but from the material of a given language.
Sladkovodsk – Sweetwatercity
Semantic tracing paper
obtaining a new, figurative meaning for a word under the influence of a foreign word.
Street captain - captain of the block
lexeme " captain" used in the meaning " leader, head, authority»
soap opera - soap opera
Syntactic tracing paper
syntactic construction formed according to the model of a foreign language
to have something done - to have something done
Phraseological tracing paper –
literal translation of a foreign language in parts.
Green card - green card
False friends of the translator.
Translator's false friends- a pair of words in two languages, similar in spelling and/or pronunciation, often with a common origin, but different in meaning.
False friends of the translator can lead to misunderstanding and mistranslation of the text. Some of them were formed due to the fact that after borrowing the meaning of a word in one of the languages changed, in other cases there was no borrowing at all, and the words come from a common root in some ancient language, but have different meanings; sometimes the consonance is purely accidental.
The term “false friends” was introduced by M. Kössler and J. Derocquiny in 1928 in the book “Les faux amis ou Les pieges du vocabulaire anglais.”
list - list (not sheet)
general - general (not only the main one)
brilliant - brilliant (rarely diamond)
angina - angina (not sore throat)
data - data (not date)
cabinet - cabinet, closet, showcase (not an office)
business – business (not business)
Academic - teacher
accurate-accurate
accord
ammunition - ammunition
baptism-baptism
benzene- benzene
billet - military billet
jealousy - jealousy
In contrast to the translator's false friends, there are also words that have the same meaning and similar sound in the two languages. Such “translator's friends” are called lexical cognates.
Mama/papa
Some scientists characterize “false friends of the translator” as a semantically heterogeneous category of words, including international vocabulary (interlingual relative synonyms of a similar type), pseudo-international words (interlingual homonyms) and interlingual paronyms.
Tracing paper appeared at the beginning of the 17th century. This is a translucent rigid paper containing finely ground cellulose. It has a high density in its structure, which makes it possible to make it as thin as possible.
Today in designer collections you can find not only matte transparent paper, but also textured, colored and mother-of-pearl tracing papers. Oddly enough, the technology for making this type of paper is still unknown to many people. Only product manufacturers are privy to the secret of its creation.
Initially, the product was intended for drawing work. Basically, only specialists in this field knew about tracing paper. Today the product is used in many areas. It is used for manual copying, and now even a primary school student can easily answer the question of what tracing paper is.
However, not every artist dares to use this paper in their work, and all because sometimes the result can be completely unpredictable. But nevertheless, with the help of tracing paper you can create a unique work of art, the main thing is to know how to use this product correctly. In principle, tracing paper is an essential item for creative people such as artists. An architectural student will also not be able to do without tracing paper.
Printing on tracing paper allows you to present basic color compositions. This is true for both artists and interior designers. The use of this material allows you to significantly reduce the time required to create several layouts. Having become familiar with what tracing paper is and understanding its structure, we can now understand why it is used for printing. This material is not afraid of repeated folding, and this material is durable. Tracing paper is compact for storage.
Designer tracing paper is a very capricious material, but at the same time extremely beautiful. Do not forget that two problems may still arise when printing. Not all types of tracing paper can be used in printing, since on some it is simply impossible to carry out a high-quality transfer. Another problem is that difficulties may arise when feeding sheets into the printing machine, as well as when passing sheets through it at the time of printing. That is why it is better to entrust this process to professionals.
Many centers will be happy to help you produce high-quality printing on tracing paper. The cost of the work will certainly be very reasonable, and the level of services provided will please any client. The main thing is to initially find out all the information about the center to which a person is going to apply.
Among other things, tracing paper on a roll is sold in many stores; specialists will be happy to answer all your questions.
So, what tracing paper is and why it is needed is now clear to everyone. Don't forget about one more interesting and important point. This type of paper reacts to any changes in climatic conditions, which is why it is important that there are no drafts or humidity when working, as well as during the drying process of your work.