What is tracing paper and what are the areas of its application. Unique property - transparency! Types of paper tracing paper in the USSR
Nikolai Dubina [email protected]
Tracing paper ( fr. calque, English. tracing paper) - thin transparent paper used for drawing, light and manual copying. Tracing paper appeared at the beginning of the 17th century. This is a translucent rigid paper, which includes finely divided cellulose. In its structure, it has a high density, which allows you to make it as thin as possible.
Before the era of computerized drafting, tracing paper was used in design and construction to jointly "through" view floor plans or drawings of different levels of a mechanical device in order to check for compatibility of different project sheets drawn by different performers. Tracing paper is a kind of analogue of many "layers" in computerized drawing. Currently, various types of tracing paper are being produced that can pass under the rollers of a printer or copier without jamming or jamming. Such varieties are used to print a drawing of a standard assembly or a drawing of a part, as well as when looking for an engineering solution through an overlay on the main drawing.
Tracing paper is usually produced from bleached sulphate pulp with the addition of wood pulp, rag and cotton semi-mass to some of its types without filler (or with a small content of it) and is well sized. Or, as an option, from ready-made parchment.
High-quality tracing paper, used for copying drawings with ink and for blueprinting, is highly moistened during manufacture, calendered under high roller pressure and oiled with film-forming substances. It is the high degree of compaction of relatively plain paper that partially ensures its transparency to the light.
The main property of tracing paper is transparency. There are two ways to achieve it:
- calendering;
- increasing the degree (degree) of grinding of cellulose fiber.
The second method is more efficient, since, along with high transparency, it allows achieving high strength, but it is also more expensive to manufacture. It is also possible to combine the two methods. It is on this path that some modern domestic manufacturers have gone, which made it possible to obtain a high-quality product while maintaining an acceptable price.
Tracing paper for drawing and copying with a pencil (matte, without a glossy side) is precisely transparent, uncalendered paper. Tracing paper with a glossy side was in the USSR of two types:
- ink, on a paper base with a semi-gloss sheen, very thin and fragile, much thinner and mechanically weaker than pencil tracing paper;
- film-like polyester, where the glossy side was the most transparent film base (lavsan, celluloid or vinyl), noticeably thicker and stronger than both types of paper, and a rough translucent matte coating for drawing was already applied to the film itself.
The surface of double-sided matte tracing paper is much more abrasive than regular drawing or office paper. This noticeably accelerates the wear of non-ball tools that work on the principle of direct sliding of metal on paper, such as metal nibs and fountain pens, rapidographs and drawing pen. In the absence of an abrasive stone at hand, matte tracing paper is used as a grinding material for finishing factory calligraphic pens to an acceptable sliding smoothness (chamfering from the contact zone) and rounding the outer corners of the pen that scratch the paper.
Matte pencil tracing paper from the times of the USSR is so abrasive that it can be used as an improvised grinding material not only for soft metals, such as copper and brass, but also for steel and even glass.
Crippled standards
Substance |
Density |
Humidity |
Roughness |
Transparency |
Tensile strength (mD) |
Surface Alkali pH |
Today in designer collections you can find not only matte transparent paper, but also textured, colored and mother-of-pearl tracing papers. Oddly enough, but the manufacturing technology of this type of paper is still unknown to many people. Only manufacturers of products are dedicated to the secret of its creation.
Initially, the product was intended for drawing work. About what tracing paper was, basically only experts in this field knew. Today, the product is used in many areas. It is used for manual copying, and now even a primary school student can easily answer the question of what tracing paper is.
However, not every artist dares to use this paper in his work - and all because sometimes the result can be completely unpredictable. In principle, tracing paper is an essential item for people of creative professions, such as artists. An architectural student also cannot do without tracing paper.
The use of this material allows you to significantly reduce the time required to create several layouts. This type of paper is not afraid of multiple folding, and in addition, this material is quite durable. Tracing paper is compact when stored.
Designer tracing paper is a very capricious material, but at the same time it is unusually beautiful. Do not forget that two problems can arise when printing. Not all types of tracing paper can be used in printing, as it is simply impossible to carry out a high-quality transfer on some.
Another problem is that it may be difficult to feed the sheets into the printing press, as well as the passage of sheets in it at the time of printing. That is why it is better to entrust this process to professionals.
Tracing paper on the Russian paper market
Despite the apparent diversity, the supply of cripples on the Russian market is rather limited. Nevertheless, what is offered will more than cover the requests of even very demanding customers - both in terms of density and size, and in color. So, what is offered by large suppliers? ..
Alexander Brown
The German factory Schoellershammer has existed since 1784 and is famous all over the world for its tracing papers. The successful combination of traditional papermaking methods and modern technology has made them a role model and quality benchmark for translucent designer papers. Customers are provided with classic white GlamaBasic tracing papers.
Pure cellulose tracing paper GlamaBasic are bleached without the addition of chlorine, do not contain acids and are highly resistant to aging. They are suitable for most printing and post-printing methods: letterpress and offset printing, silk screen printing, varnishing, laminating, embossing, die cutting, laser die cutting, hot foil stamping, creasing and folding. Also suitable for use in office equipment: inkjet and laser printers. In any case, it is recommended to make a test print before printing.
Density (g/m2): 92, 112, 150, 180, 280.
Format (cm/cm): 70x100.
Antalis
Made by Arjowiggins, England
Tracing paper transparent Curious Translucent Clear and colored papers Curious Translucent Color- an innovative collection of designer papers, fully FSC certified.
Curious Translucents are pure cellulose tracing papers of the highest quality. The line of cripples allows you to play with the shades of paper and printed image, has many effects: Clear - natural transparent; Clear Effects - Linear (lines); Space Dust (blotches); Colored - metallic, bright and natural shades:
- Curious Color Bright white - extra white;
- Curious Color pearl - mother-of-pearl;
- Curious Color silver - mother-of-pearl silver;
- Curious Color gold - mother-of-pearl gold.
Tracing paper Curious Translucents are suitable for the main types of printing: offset printing with foil and UV inks (in compliance with the manufacturer's recommendations), screen printing, flexography. Embossing, die-cutting, folding are excellent post-printing methods.
Density (g/m2): 90 and 100.
Format (cm/cm): 70x100.
europapier
Production Schoellershammer, Germany
Primed tracing paper Glama Digital Schoellershammer, 112g and 150g. This tracing paper is HP certified and part of HP Indigo's wide range of specialty materials. Supplied in 460x320 mm format, packaged in packs of 250 sheets.
FSC certified.
Company "Bereg"
Production: Fedrigoni, Italy
GSC (Golden Star Colour)
Pure cellulose colored translucent paper, tinted in bulk. Supplied in sheets of 70x100 cm format with a density of 100 and 200 g/m2.
Large selection of colors:
- Blue - dark blue;
- Yellow - bright yellow;
- Red - red;
- Green - dark green;
- Coffee - coffee;
- Cream - creamy;
- Fluo Green - fluorescent green.
And also metallized:
- Gold - golden;
- Silver - silver.
GSK (Golden Star K)
Pure cellulose paper of high transparency - "tracing paper". It comes in two shades of white: Extra White and Premium White. The bleaching process is carried out in a chlorine-free way. Paper is completely biodegradable and recyclable.
Supplied in 70x100 cm printing sheets and digital print sheets from A4 for office equipment to 32x46.4 cm for HP Indigo. Density range - from 80 to 240 g/m2.
Pergamenata
Pure cellulose translucent paper imitating matte parchment. Supplied in SRA3 digital sheets and 70x100 cm print sheets in a weight range from 90 to 230 g/m2.
Comes in two colors:
- Bianca - white
- Naturale - beige.
Pergamenata Pearl
Pure cellulose translucent paper with a metallic sheen. It has a double-sided pearlescent coating. Available in 70x100 cm sheets.
Supplied in three colors:
- Ice - ice;
- Silver - silver;
- Bronze - bronze.
All papers shown are FSC and ISO 9706 certified (durable or durable). They are designed taking into account the specifics of offset, silk-screen and flexography printing, they have shown themselves excellently in post-printing processing. Materials supplied in digital formats are certified by HP Indigo and Xerox.
Tracing paper produced by the Fedrigoni concern has proven itself in Russia. Over the past 20 years, it has been pleasing Russian printers with the quality and high manufacturability of the material, and designers and artists with its original appearance and a wide range of possible applications.
Double B
Production Schoellershammer (Germany)
In addition to pure cellulose translucent white tracing paper Glama Basic, which was already mentioned above, the company offers Glama Color- also pure cellulose, but tinted tracing paper.
It is recommended for offset, silk-screen, letterpress printing, as well as for varnishing, embossing, blind embossing and foil stamping. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Pre-testing is required.
Density 62 g/m2 -
250 sheets and 100 g/m2 - 125 sheets.
- Glama Basic - white;
- Glama Color - maroon;
- Glama Color - black;
- Glama Color - blue;
- Glama Color - green;
- Glama Color - pink;
- Glama Color - red;
- Glama Color - wine red.
Manufactured by Zanders, Germany
Pure cellulose tinted tracing paper Zanders spectrum, a wide range of colors. Recommended for offset, silk-screen, digital (requires preliminary testing), letterpress, as well as varnishing, embossing, blind embossing and foil stamping. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Pre-testing is required.
The collection contains envelopes.
Supplied in sheets 65x92 cm and 70x100 cm; 100 sheets per pack.
Density: 100 and 200 g/m2.
- snow white;
- White;
- Honey;
- mint green;
- Blue frost;
- pink lollipop;
- Purple Haze;
- Cherry;
- Orange;
- Sunny yellow;
- yellow green;
- Blue lake;
- Ultraviolet.
Pure cellulose tracing paper Zanders Т2000. Recommended for multi-color offset printing, for making original layouts, drawing, copying. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Pre-testing is required.
Supplied in sheets 70x100 cm.
9095 g/m2 - 500 sheets, 8085, 110, 110115 g/m2 - 250 sheets, 150 g/m2 - 125 sheets.
Palette: regular translucent.
Producer: Fabriano, Italy
Fine paper Pergamon with the effect of "crystal", in appearance resembles Trans Marque tracing paper with a similar pattern.
Made from ECF cellulose and FSC certified. Suitable for single-color and full-color printing using offset and screen printing technologies. Digital printing does not guarantee consistent results. Pre-testing is required.
Supplied in sheets 70x100 cm.
Density 110 g/m2 - 200 sheets; 160 g/m2 - 200 sheets.
Tracing paper (paper)- This is a translucent paper, most often painted white. Plain white translucent paper today has transformed and is located among designer paper collections. Transparency and density of tracing paper is achieved due to less crushed fiber than in ordinary paper and the addition of binders and resin. Thus, the trace is usually denser than that of the same thickness. Tracing paper does not have a standard classification.
What is tracing paper (paper)
Most often, it differs in purpose and types of printing as follows:
Paper in rolls is intended mainly for technical work on plotters and laser copiers, as well as ink and pencil drawing.
Tracing paper sizes
The most commonly used tracing paper is 297 mm, 420 mm, 594 mm, 610 mm, 841 mm, 914 mm wide (imported) and 420 mm, 625 mm, 878 mm wide (Domestic). A4 and A3 are popular for printing on copiers and laser printers, and for offset and stencil printing formats are preferable - 70 by 100 cm, etc. Modern tracing paper is of the following types: 
- classic white;
- all possible colors and shades;
- matte, parchment imitation;
- under gold and silver;
- with various patterns;
- with patterns that mimic water.
Traditional use of paper (tracing paper)- in booklets and calendars it is used as the second sheet after the cover. Tracing paper is used for inserts with the text of an invitation or postcard. Sometimes they make an envelope of tracing paper in a tone or the same color as the envelope. Also popular on tracing paper.
Tracing paper hardly causes problems in printing.
Ways to work with tracing paper
Tracing paper has proven itself in offset printing, but the surface of the tracing paper does not absorb moisture, so folic ink is recommended. The tracing paper does not dry well, therefore, in order to avoid dragging paint from one sheet to another, it is better to unload the acceptance in a timely manner. You need to keep the finished prints in small stops, because the paint needs to be fixed.
Excellently recommended for the use of cripples and in the form of printing. When printing on CPM toners(Xerox, Canon, Konica Minolta, etc.) You should test the system on one sheet. Sometimes the toner is not baked onto the tracing paper properly and falls off. When printing, you must consider the temperature of the fuser, as you can lose not only paper, but also the printer. As a rule, the main characteristics of the material (low resistance) are specified in the data sheet. Exotic problems are also possible - some brands of tinted tracing paper change color after heating. 
It is better to glue tracing paper with synthetic glue, because the water-dispersion adhesive can cause a wavy effect at the gluing point. Tracing paper is sensitive to changing climatic conditions, which means that in order to avoid curling the paper before and after printing, the material must be protected from drafts and changes in temperature and humidity.
Common property of all types of tracing paper- the ability to absorb moisture from the air and increased sensitivity to changing conditions in the printing room, so the package should be opened only immediately before printing. Maintain stable humidity and temperature during printing (+20°C and 50% humidity).
Sometimes there are difficulties in post-processing: the material is very dense and difficult to cut. The recommended height of a foot of tracing paper when processing with a reciprocating or guillotine cutter should be no more than 5 cm.
Before ordering on tracing paper, do not forget to consult with the technologist of the printing house where you plan to complete the order. When working with any design paper, you need to study it, make several test prints and follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
look video about the use of tracing paper as a paper for transferring a drawing to a tree.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
High-quality tracing paper, used for copying drawings with ink and for blueprinting, is highly moistened during manufacture, calendered under high roller pressure and oiled with film-forming substances. It is the high degree of compaction of relatively plain paper that partially ensures its transparency to the light.
The main property of tracing paper is transparency. There are two ways to achieve it:
- calendering;
- increasing the degree (degree) of grinding of cellulose fiber.
The second method is more efficient, since, along with high transparency, it allows achieving high strength, but also more expensive. It is also possible to combine the two methods. It is on this path that some modern domestic manufacturers have gone, which made it possible to obtain a high-quality product while maintaining an acceptable price.
Tracing paper for drawing and copying with a pencil (matte, without a glossy side) is precisely transparent, uncalendered paper. Tracing paper with a glossy side was in the USSR of two types:
- ink, on a paper base with a semi-gloss sheen, very thin and vulnerable, much thinner and mechanically weaker than pencil tracing paper;
- film-like lavsan, where the glossy side was the most transparent film base (lavsan, celluloid or vinyl), noticeably thicker and stronger than both types of paper, and a rough translucent matte coating for drawing was already applied to the film itself.
The surface of double-sided matte tracing paper is much more abrasive than regular drawing or office paper. This greatly accelerates the wear of non-ball tools that work on the principle of direct sliding of metal on paper, for example, metal nibs and fountain pens, rapidographs and drawing pen. In the absence of an abrasive stone at hand, matte tracing paper is used as a grinding material for finishing factory calligraphic pens to an acceptable sliding smoothness (chamfering from the contact zone) and rounding the outer corners of the pen that scratch the paper.
Matte pencil tracing paper from the times of the USSR is so abrasive that it can be used as an improvised grinding material not only for soft metals, such as copper and brass, but for steel and even glass. Glass matted with abrasives was treated with GOI No. 3 paste (chromium oxide, grain size - 17-8 mk), and finish sanding paper with an abrasive marked as "3000 grit JIS" (oxides, grit size - 4‑5 µm). After high-speed grinding with matte tracing paper (made in the USSR in the 1980s), the glass lost any hint of gloss that appeared after grinding with the 3000 grit abrasive and became rougher, and the sliding of the Teflon legs of equipment weighing 145-154 grams on the glass also deteriorated quite noticeably . Polishing the glass with tracing paper immediately after GOI paste No. 3 (without an intermediate stage with grinding with a 3000 grit abrasive) gave a complete absence of gloss and gloss, declared for this paste number. During subsequent (after polishing with tracing paper) polishing with paste, the glass surface became more abrasive to plastics and Teflon than after polishing with matte tracing paper. In total, a rough estimate of the abrasiveness of pencil tracing paper lies between 4 microns and 17-8 microns, and subjectively corresponds to sanding paper "2000 grit" (grain size - 7-8 microns), adjusted for the extremely small amount of material removed.
Samples of TAKEYO tracing paper.jpg
Sheets of tracing paper
GatewayTracingNewRoll.jpg
Roll of tracing paper
| Substance | Density | Humidity | Roughness | Transparency | Tensile strength ( ) | Surface Alkali pH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISO 536 | ISO 287 | ISO 8791-2 | ISO 2469 | ISO 1974 | ISO 6588 | |
| / ² | / ³ | ml/min | % | |||
| 42 | 1.200÷1.235 | 7 | 100-300 | 79+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 53 | 1.200÷1.235 | 7 | 100-300 | 77+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 63 | 1.220÷1.250 | 7 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 73 | 1.220÷1.250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 83 | 1.220÷1.250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 93 | 1.220÷1.250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 100 | 1.220÷1.250 | 7.5 | 100-300 | 75+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 112 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 73+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 130 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 69+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 150 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 65+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 160 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 61+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 170 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 59+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 190 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 55+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 200 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 53+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 240 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 47+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
| 280 | 1.220÷1.250 | 8 | 100-300 | 45+/-5 | 220-440 | 6-7 |
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Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Links
- (English) .
- . Collection of excerpts on manufacturing.
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An excerpt characterizing Tracing paper (paper)
Sonya interrupted him.“I already refused,” she said hastily.
- If you refuse for me, then I'm afraid that on me ...
Sonya interrupted him again. She looked at him with pleading, frightened eyes.
"Nicolas, don't tell me that," she said.
- No, I have to. Maybe it's suffisance [arrogance] on my part, but it's better to say. If you refuse for me, then I must tell you the whole truth. I love you, I think, more than anyone ...
“That’s enough for me,” said Sonya, flushing.
- No, but I have fallen in love a thousand times and will continue to fall in love, although I have no such feeling of friendship, trust, love for anyone as for you. Then I'm young. Maman doesn't want this. Well, just, I'm not promising anything. And I ask you to think about Dolokhov's proposal,” he said, pronouncing his friend's name with difficulty.
- Don't tell me that. I do not want anything. I love you like a brother, and I will always love you, and I don’t need anything else.
- You are an angel, I do not stand you, but I am only afraid to deceive you. Nicholas kissed her hand again.
Iogel had the funniest balls in Moscow. This was said by mothers, looking at their adolescentes, [girls] doing their newly learned steps; this was said by the adolescentes and adolescents themselves, [girls and boys] dancing until they dropped; these grown girls and young people who came to these balls with the idea of descending to them and finding the best fun in them. In the same year, two marriages took place at these balls. Two pretty princesses Gorchakovs found suitors and got married, and all the more they let these balls into glory. What was special at these balls was that there was no host and hostess: there was, like fluff flying, bowing according to the rules of art, good-natured Yogel, who accepted tickets for lessons from all his guests; was that these balls were still attended only by those who wanted to dance and have fun, as 13 and 14 year old girls want this, putting on long dresses for the first time. All, with rare exceptions, were or seemed pretty: they all smiled so enthusiastically and their eyes lit up so much. Sometimes the best students even danced pas de chale, of which the best was Natasha, distinguished by her grace; but at this, the last ball, only ecossaises, anglaises and the mazurka, which was just coming into fashion, danced. The hall was taken by Yogel to Bezukhov's house, and the ball was a great success, as everyone said. There were many pretty girls, and the Rostov young ladies were among the best. Both of them were especially happy and cheerful. That evening, Sonya, proud of Dolokhov's proposal, her refusal and explanation with Nikolai, was still circling at home, not allowing the girl to comb her braids, and now shone through with impetuous joy.
Natasha, no less proud that she was in a long dress for the first time, at a real ball, was even happier. Both were in white, muslin dresses with pink ribbons.
Natasha became in love from the very moment she entered the ball. She was not in love with anyone in particular, but she was in love with everyone. In the one she looked at at the moment she looked, she was in love with him.
- Oh, how good! she kept saying, running up to Sonya.
Nikolai and Denisov walked through the halls, looking affectionately and patronizingly at the dancers.
- How sweet she is, she will be, - said Denisov.
- Who?
“Mr. Athena Natasha,” answered Denisov.
“And how she dances, what a g"ation! - after a pause, he said again.
- Who are you talking about?
“About your sister,” Denisov shouted angrily.
Rostov chuckled.
– Mon cher comte; vous etes l "un de mes meilleurs ecoliers, il faut que vous dansiez," said little Yogel, approaching Nikolai. "Voyez combien de jolies demoiselles. [Dear count, you are one of my best students. You need to dance. Look how much pretty girls!] - He turned with the same request to Denisov, also his former student.
- Non, mon cher, je fe "ai tapisse" ie, [No, my dear, I'll sit by the wall,] said Denisov. "Don't you remember how badly I used your lessons?"
- Oh no! – hastily comforting him, said Yogel. - You were only inattentive, but you had the ability, yes, you had the ability.
The newly introduced mazurka began to play; Nikolai could not refuse Yogel and invited Sonya. Denisov sat down next to the old women and leaned on his saber, stomping to the beat, telling something merrily and making the old ladies laugh, looking at the dancing youth. Yogel in the first pair danced with Natasha, his pride and best student. Softly, gently moving his feet in his shoes, Yogel was the first to fly across the hall with Natasha, who was timid, but diligently doing her steps. Denisov did not take his eyes off her and tapped time with his saber, with an air that clearly said that he himself did not dance only because he did not want to, and not because he could not. In the middle of the figure, he called to him Rostov, who was passing by.
“That's not it at all,” he said. - Is this a Polish mazu "ka? And she dances well." Knowing that Denisov was even famous in Poland for his skill in dancing the Polish mazurka, Nikolai ran up to Natasha:
- Go ahead, choose Denisov. Here she is dancing! Miracle! - he said.
When it was Natasha's turn again, she stood up and quickly fingering her shoes with bows, timidly, ran alone through the hall to the corner where Denisov was sitting. She saw that everyone was looking at her and waiting. Nikolai saw that Denisov and Natasha were arguing with a smile, and that Denisov refused, but smiled happily. He ran.
“Please, Vasily Dmitritch,” Natasha said, “let’s go, please.”
“Yes, thank you, Mrs. Athena,” said Denisov.
“Well, that’s enough, Vasya,” said Nikolai.
“It’s like Vaska is being persuaded,” Denisov said jokingly.
“I will sing to you all evening,” said Natasha.
- The sorceress will do everything with me! - said Denisov and unfastened his saber. He stepped out from behind the chairs, firmly took his lady by the hand, raised his head and put his foot aside, expecting tact. Only on horseback and in a mazurka was Denisov's small stature not visible, and he seemed to be the same fine fellow as he himself felt. After waiting for a beat, he looked at his lady from the side, victoriously and jokingly, unexpectedly tapped with one foot and, like a ball, rebounded resiliently from the floor and flew along in a circle, dragging his lady with him. He silently flew half the hall on one leg, and seemed not to see the chairs standing in front of him and rushed straight at them; but suddenly, snapping his spurs and spreading his legs, he stopped on his heels, stood like that for a second, with a roar of spurs, his feet tapped in one place, quickly turned around and, snapping his left foot with his right, again flew in a circle. Natasha guessed what he intended to do, and, not knowing how herself, followed him - surrendering to him. Now he circled her, now on his right, then on his left hand, then falling to his knees, circled her around him, and again jumped up and rushed forward with such swiftness, as if he intended, without taking a breath, to run across all the rooms; then he would suddenly stop again and make another new and unexpected knee. When he, briskly circling the lady in front of her seat, clicked his spur, bowing in front of her, Natasha did not even sit down to him. She fixed her eyes on him in bewilderment, smiling as if she did not recognize him. – What is it? she said.
Tracing - the process, which consists in the fact that the constituent parts of a word (morphemes) or phrases are replaced by their direct counterparts in the target language
brain drain - brain drain
house of culture - House of Culture
park of culture and rest - Park of Culture and Rest
PhD - Candidate of Science
collective farm - collective farm
head of government - head of the government
Supreme Court - Wikiwand Supreme Court
mixed laws - mixed laws
Winter Palace - Wikiwand Winter Palace
White House - White House
"White Guard" - Wikiwand The White Guard
the Democratic Party
Our Home - Russia - Our Home Is Russia
fruits of enlightenment - the Fruits of the Enlightenment
Income tax - income tax
a standard key-combination - the standard key combination
decision-making - decision making
risk analysis - risk analysis
Types of cripples:
Lexical tracing paper (word-forming)
a word created according to a foreign word-formation model, but from the material of a given language.
Sladkovodsk – Sweetwatercity
Semantic tracing paper
the acquisition by the word of a new, figurative meaning under the influence of a foreign word.
Street capitan - quarter captain
lexeme " captain" is used in the meaning of " leader, head, authority»
soap opera - soap opera
Syntactic tracing paper
syntactic construction formed according to the model of a foreign language
to have something done - to have something done
Phraseological tracing paper –
literal translation of a foreign turnover in parts.
Green card - green card
False friends of the translator.
False Friends of the Translator A pair of words in two languages that are similar in spelling and/or pronunciation, often with a common origin, but different in meaning.
False friends of the translator can lead to misunderstanding and mistranslation of the text. Some of them were formed due to the fact that after borrowing the meaning of the word in one of the languages changed, in other cases there was no borrowing at all, and the words come from a common root in some ancient language, but have different meanings; sometimes the consonance is purely coincidental.
The term "false friends" was introduced by M. Kössler and J. Derocchigny in 1928 in the book "Les faux amis ou Les pieges du vocabulaire anglais".
list - a list (not a sheet)
general - general (not only main)
brilliant - brilliant (rarely a diamond)
angina - angina (not angina)
data - data (not date)
cabinet - locker, closet, showcase (not an office)
business - business (not business)
academic teacher
accurate
accord
ammunition
baptism-baptism
benzene- benzene
billet - military billet
jealousy - jealousy
In contrast to the translator's false friends, there are also words that in the two given languages have the same meaning and similar sound. Such "friends of the translator" are called lexical cognates.
mama/papa
Some scientists characterize "false friends of the translator" as a semantically heterogeneous category of words, including international vocabulary (interlingual relative synonyms of a similar kind), pseudo-international words (interlingual homonyms) and interlingual paronyms.
Tracing paper appeared at the beginning of the 17th century. This is a translucent rigid paper, which includes finely ground cellulose. It has a high density in its structure, which allows you to make it as thin as possible.
To date, in designer collections you can find not only matte transparent paper, but also textured, colored and mother-of-pearl tracing papers. Oddly enough, but the manufacturing technology of this type of paper is still unknown to many people. Only manufacturers of products are dedicated to the secret of its creation.
Initially, the product was intended for drawing work. The fact that tracing paper was known, basically, only to experts in this field. Today, the product is used in many areas. It is used for manual copying, and now even a primary school student can easily answer the question of what tracing paper is.
However, not every artist dares to use this paper in his work, and all because sometimes the result can be completely unpredictable. But nevertheless, with the help of tracing paper, you can create a unique work of art, the main thing is to know how to use this product correctly. In principle, tracing paper is a must for such creative people as artists. An architectural student also cannot do without tracing paper.
Printing on tracing paper allows you to present basic color compositions. This is true for both artists and interior designers. The use of this material allows you to significantly reduce the time required to create several layouts. Having become familiar with what tracing paper is and understanding its structure, we can now understand why it is used for printing. This one is not afraid of reusable addition, and also this material is durable. Tracing paper is compact when stored.
Designer tracing paper is a very capricious material, but at the same time it is unusually beautiful. Do not forget that when printing, two problems can still arise. Not all types of tracing paper can be used in printing, as it is simply impossible to carry out a high-quality transfer on some. Another problem is that it is possible that there may be difficulties when feeding sheets into the printing press, as well as when passing sheets through it at the time of printing. That is why it is better to entrust this process to professionals.
Many centers will be happy to help you print on tracing paper with high quality. The cost of work will certainly be very acceptable, and the level of services performed will please any client. The main thing is to initially find out all the information about the center to which the person is going to apply.
Among other things, tracing paper in a roll is sold in many stores, experts will be happy to answer all your questions.
So, what is tracing paper and why is it needed, now it is clear to everyone. Do not forget about another interesting and important point. This type of paper reacts to any changes in climatic conditions, which is why it is important that during work, as well as during the drying process of your work, there are no drafts and humidity.