The concept of the heroic epic presentation. Heroic epic of the peoples of the world. The concept of the heroic epic. Väinämöinen protects the sampo from

MBOU "Secondary School No. 1 (with in-depth study of individual subjects)

"Artistic Traditions of the Peoples of the World"

Completed by: Filippova E.Yu.

a history teacher

Lesson topic:

Heroic epic of the peoples of the world. The concept of the heroic epic"

The concept of the heroic epic

"Epos" - (from Greek) word, narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past.

Heroic epic peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects man's ideas about nature and the world.

Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing.

The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art. But this does not at all diminish the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.

"The Tale of Gilgamesh" Sumerian epic 1800 BC

The Epic of Gilgamesh is outlined on 12

clay tablets.

As the plot of the epic develops, the image of Gilgamesh changes. The fairy-tale hero-hero, boasting of his strength, turns into a man who has known the tragic brevity of life. The mighty spirit of Gilgamesh rebels against the recognition of the inevitability of death; only at the end of his wanderings does the hero begin to understand that immortality can bring him the eternal glory of his name.

GILGAMESH (Sumerian. Bilgames - possible interpretation of this name as "ancestor-hero"), semi-legendary ruler Uruk, hero of the epic tradition of Sumer and Akkad.

Gilgamesh with a lion from the palace

Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin

8th century BC e.

"Mahabharata" Indian epic, middle of the 1st millennium AD

"The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". Mahabharata is a heroic poem consisting of 18 books, or parv. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e., "The genealogy of Hari." In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times as long as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together.

The Indian literary tradition considers the Mahabharata to be a single work, and its authorship is attributed to the legendary sage Krishna-Dvaipayana Vyasa.

Summary

The main story of the epic is dedicated to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and the Pandavas - the sons of two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Into this enmity and the strife caused by it, according to the legend, numerous peoples and tribes of India, northern and southern, are gradually involved. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle in which almost all members of both sides perish. Those who have won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of the main story is the unity of India.

medieval epic

"Nibelungenlied"- a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th - early 13th century. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".

The song tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siekfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband.

There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna.

Various assumptions have been made in science regarding the identity of the author. Some scholars considered him a shpilman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), others that he was an educated knight of a low family.

The Nibelungenlied combines two initially independent plots: the legend of the death of Siegfried and the legend of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both these parts are not fully coordinated, and between them one can notice certain contradictions. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the bright hero Siegfried they kill, whose services and help they so widely used, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights, courageously meeting their tragic fate. . The name "Nibelungs" in the first and second parts of the epic is used differently: in the first, these are fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second - Burgundians.

Quarrel of Kings

Competitions at the court of Brunnhilde

The epic primarily reflects the chivalrous worldview of the Staufen era ( Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The Staufen, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes. At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant but short-lived cultural upsurge. ).

Death of Siekfried

Zikfried

Funeral of Siekfried

Halen throws gold into the Rhine

Kriemhilde shows Helena

Gunter's head

Epos in works of art of different genres

Music:

A. Borodin. Bogatyr Symphony;
N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Operas Sadko, The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia, Maid of Pskov;
M. Mussorgsky. "Pictures at an Exhibition", the play "Bogatyr Gates", the opera "Khovanshchina";

Painting:

V. Vasnetsov. "Bogatyrs".

Kalevala

Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who linked individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some of the bumps.
The name "Kalevala" given to the poem by Lönnrot is the epic name of the country in which Finnish folk heroes live and act. Suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla - this is the place of residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons.
In Kalevala there is no main plot that would connect all the songs together.

Väinämöinen protects the sampo from

Witches of Louhi.

Väinämöinen

Despite the fact that the heroic epic of peoples was composed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar features. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the common characteristics of the main characters. For example:

1. The epic often includes a plot creation of the world , how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos.

2.Story miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits .

3.Story the matchmaking of the hero and his trials before the wedding .

4. Description of the battle , in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage.

5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor .

6. Heroes not only defend their homeland, but also high value their own freedom and independence .

Homework:

Fundamentals of literary criticism. Analysis of a work of art [textbook] Esalnek Asiya Yanovna

Heroic epic

This paragraph talks about the different forms of the heroic epic.

Historically, the first type of narrative genres was the heroic epic, which in itself is heterogeneous, because it includes works similar in problem orientation, but different in age and type of characters. The earliest form of the heroic epic can be considered a mythological epic, the main character of which is the so-called ancestor, a cultural hero who performs the functions of the organizer of the world: he produces fire, invents crafts, protects the family from demonic forces, fights monsters, establishes rituals and customs. The closest thing to this type of heroes is the character of Greek mythology Prometheus.

Another version of the heroic epos is distinguished by the fact that the hero combines the features of a cultural ancestor hero and a brave warrior, knight, hero, fighting for the territory and independence of a tribe, people or state. Such heroes include, for example, the characters of the Karelian-Finnish epic, known as "Kalevala", or the Kyrgyz epic, called "Manas".

The most mature forms of the heroic epic include the Greek Iliad, the Spanish Song of Side, the French Song of Roland, Serbian youthful songs, and Russian epics. They depict heroes in the struggle for the interests of the whole people, mostly in battles with foreign invaders. Of course, such heroes are extremely idealized and represent not real historical figures, but a utopian world that has gone into the past, in which the moods of the singer and his listeners seemed to merge, and the whole narrative received an emotionally sublime coloring.

The works of the heroic epic in its various variations are found in almost all peoples at the early stages of the development of verbal creativity, but chronologically at different times. So, Homer's Iliad dates back to the 8th century BC, Russian epics date back to the 11th-15th centuries of the Christian era. At the same time, such works have different names for different peoples: epics, thoughts, epics, songs about deeds, sagas, runes, olonkho, etc.

It follows from the foregoing that the typological quality of the neck, which gives grounds to classify works as a genre of heroic epos, consists, firstly, in emphasizing the strength, courage, courage of the hero, and secondly, in emphasizing the purpose and meaning of his actions, their focus on the common good, whether it be the dispensation of the world or the fight against enemies. Such aspirations are the German philosopher of the early 19th century G.W.F. Hegel called substantial, that is, universally significant, and the period when heroes of this type began to appear and works glorifying them, "the heroic state of the world." Objective prerequisites for the emergence of genres of the heroic type could have developed later, especially in connection with the understanding of national liberation wars, in particular the fight against fascism in the 40s of the XX century. The reflection of these processes is easy to find in the works of various writers dedicated to the Second World War.

From the book The World of King Arthur author Sapkowski Andrzej

A. AN ANGLO-NORMAN PATRIOTIC EPOS (1137 -1205) The Arthurian legend in the edition of Geoffrey of Monmouth suddenly acquired a political connotation. Tale of "the mighty king of England, Wales, Ireland, Normandy and Brittany", about the king who "conquered Gaul, Aquitaine, Rome and

From the book A book for people like me author Fry Max

From the book Poetics of Myth author Meletinsky Eleazar Moiseevich

EPOS SAGA OF HROALD LEATHER BELT (Icelandic saga) This ends the story of Hroald and the people from Walrus Bay. ship and raised

From the book World Artistic Culture. XX century. Literature the author Olesina E

From the book Theory of Literature author Khalizev Valentin Evgenievich

North American epic Creator of the "Yoknapatofa District" (W. Faulkner) In the literary mind of the United States at the end of the 19th century. the idea arose of creating a "great American novel" that would reflect the phenomenon of American life, the features of the American "universe". This idea

From the book Works of the Russian period. Prose. Literary criticism. Volume 3 author Gomolitsky Lev Nikolaevich

§ 3. Epos In the epic kind of literature (other - Gr. epos - word, speech), the organizing beginning of the work is the story of the characters (characters), their destinies, actions, mindsets, about the events in their lives that make up the plot. This is a chain of verbal messages

From the book Canto XXXVI author Pound Ezra

Heroic pathos 1 On the way to friends for a name day from acquaintances, where he had just joked and laughed, a young man was waiting for a train at the metro station. Avoiding the crowd, as is natural for a person who has nowhere to hurry, he walked along the very edge of the platform, in a soft

From the book Fundamentals of Literary Studies. Analysis of a work of art [tutorial] author Esalnek Asiya Yanovna

Ilya Kukulin Subversive epic: Ezra Pound and Mikhail Eremin EZRA POUND is one of the most significant poets of the 20th century. However, Pound's radical poetics, on the one hand, and his several years of collaboration with Mussolini's regime, on the other, make it extremely difficult to

From the book German Literature: Study Guide author Glazkova Tatyana Yurievna

The novel epic In this paragraph, the reader will learn what became the prerequisite for the development of novel genres, get acquainted with the main types of the novel in European literature and get an idea of the novel structure as it developed in the 19th century. Starting from the 11th-12th centuries in

From the book History of Russian Literary Criticism [Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras] author Lipovetsky Mark Naumovich

The heroic epic of the mature Middle Ages The Nibelungenlied, which finally took shape in the heyday of the Middle Ages, was written down by an unknown author at the beginning of the 13th century. in Middle High German. It has come down to us in several manuscripts. The song consists of two

From the book Literature Grade 6. Textbook-reader for schools with in-depth study of literature. Part 1 author Team of authors

5. Bakhtin's Genre Theory: The Epic and the Novel from the 1920s to the 1930s Bakhtin's texts about the novel, written by him in the 1930s and early 1940s, present two types of difficulties. The first is textological. All materials (with the exception of the book on Rabelais: it remains an important source

From the book Literature Grade 7. Textbook-reader for schools with in-depth study of literature. Part 1 author Team of authors

Song of Roland French epic. F. de la Barthe's translation of The Song of Roland is one of the oldest works of the French heroic epic. Since the events in this epic are based on legends and not on real facts, I will first tell you about what happened on

From the book How to write an essay. To prepare for the exam author Sitnikov Vitaly Pavlovich

Heroic character in literature The ability of a person to accomplish a feat, to overcome obstacles that seem insurmountable, has always attracted people. The very first literary characters were heroes - Gilgamesh, Achilles, Roland, Ilya Muromets ... It is the hero who is capable of

From the author's book

Tsvetaeva M. And Epos and Lyrics of Modern Russia Vladimir Mayakovsky and Boris Pasternak If I, speaking about modern Russian poetry, put these two names side by side, it is because they are side by side. It is possible, speaking of modern Russian poetry, to name one of them, each of them without

slide 1

slide 2

Epics. The term epic was first introduced in 1839 by Ivan Sakharov in the collection Songs of the Russian People. The popular name for these works is “old, old, old”. “I lay down on a sack near a skinny fire ... and, warming myself by the fire, fell asleep imperceptibly; strange sounds woke me up: before that I had heard a lot of songs and poems ... but I had never heard such a tune. Lively, whimsical and cheerful, sometimes it became faster, sometimes it broke off and in its own way resembled something ancient, forgotten by our generation. For a long time I did not want to wake up and listen to the individual words of the song: it was so joyful to be in the grip of a completely new impression ... ”recalls the folklore collector P. N. Rybnikov.

slide 3

Epics: fiction or history with elements of fantasy? Most of the epics known to us were created in the 9th - 12th centuries. However, one can notice in the texts of epics echoes of events and life of much later eras (16th and even 19th centuries). Why did this happen? “Far from all the events and heroes sung in epics remained in the memory of descendants. Previously emerged works were reworked in relation to new events and new people, sometimes feats performed later were attributed to former heroes. So over the centuries, a special world of epics was formed, which united people from different centuries and eras. So, all Kyiv heroes became contemporaries of one Prince Vladimir, although they had to fight enemies who plagued Rus' from the 10th to the 16th centuries.

slide 4

slide 5

slide 6

Kyiv cycle of epics. Features: The action takes place in Kyiv or near it. In the center of the story is Prince Vladimir. The main theme: the protection of the Russian land from the nomads. Heroes: Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich.

Slide 7

Slide 8

Ilya Muromets. The main character of Russian epics, only the plot of his battle with the Nightingale the Robber has more than a hundred options. Until the age of 30, Ilya sat in a seat, unable to use his arms and legs, then he received miraculous healing and heroic strength from kalik passers-by (wandering pilgrims). His personality symbolizes the transition from "senior" to "younger" heroes: he was familiar with Svyatogor, and he, according to some versions, gave him part of his great power before his death (according to others, Ilya refused it). In the epics, Ilya Muromets appears before us as an "old Cossack", possessing remarkable strength, mighty and wise.

Slide 9

slide 10

Nikitich. The most popular hero of the Russian epic after Ilya Muromets. The most "intelligent" of the epic heroes; it embodies those qualities that the people collectively denoted by the word "knowledge": education, excellent education, knowledge of etiquette, the ability to play the harp, intelligence (Dobrynya plays chess superbly). All this makes him especially suitable for diplomatic assignments: in epics he often represents the interests of Prince Vladimir in foreign lands. In addition to these qualities, he, like all heroes, is brave and courageous. Already from childhood (from the age of 12 or 15), Dobrynya has excellent command of weapons.

slide 11

slide 12

Alesha Popovich. The youngest of the famous trinity of epic heroes, the son of the Rostov priest Levontiy (rarely - Fedor). He is known for his valiant prowess, resourcefulness and heroic courage, as well as his temper and boastfulness. Alyosha is cheerful, mocking and sharp-tongued. He often defeats enemies not by force, but by military cunning: pretending to be deaf and forcing the enemy to come closer, under some pretext forcing the enemy to turn around, etc.

slide 13

slide 14

Volga Svyatoslavovich (Volkh Vseslavevich). The name of the hero, Magus, indicates that a great magician, a sorcerer, was born. By birth, he is connected with nature, as the whole life of primitive man was connected with nature and the struggle with it. The ancestors of the Russians, before becoming farmers, depended on hunting, which was once the main form of obtaining a livelihood. When Volkh is born, animals, fish and birds hide in fear: a great hunter is born. Volkh can turn into animals: he catches fish in the form of a pike, birds - turning into a falcon, forest animals - a gray wolf. He is a sorcerer and a werewolf. Volkh can turn into animals: he catches fish in the form of a pike, birds - turning into a falcon, forest animals - a gray wolf. He is a sorcerer and a werewolf. He fights in the same way as he hunts: by magical skill, "cunning-wisdom."

slide 15

slide 16

slide 17

Mikula Selyaninovich. A plowman with remarkable strength. Volga Vseslavievich met him when, accompanied by a squad, he went for tribute to the cities of Gurchevets, Krestyanovets and Orekhovets. Orest Miller saw in Mikul an ancient deity of agriculture; thus, his meeting with Volga is a meeting of the god-hunter with the god-plowman. Enormous strength, the ability to easily lift the earth's thrust (which turned out to be beyond the power of the mighty Svyatogor), bring him closer to the so-called "senior" heroes - the most ancient characters of the Russian epic.

The epic (from the Greek "word, narration") reflects the historical past, folk life.

In the epic, man and society collide. The epic includes: a fairy tale, a fable, a story, an essay, a poem, a story, a novel, an epic.

A common feature is an objectively narrative character.

A distinctive feature is that life appears from different sides, at different moments. The hero of an epic work is a generalized image. As a rule, the hero had a prototype - a specific person. The epic is the most important and the only witness of a distant era that has preserved the people's memory. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects the mythological idea of a person about the surrounding reality. It arose in oral form in the generation of storytellers, acquired images, plots, and then was fixed in book form. Each translator brought these works to us in his own way. Those. the epic is the result of collective creativity, therefore there is no authorship, except for the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. In the genres of small epic form (fable, fairy tale, story, essay) - one episode from the life of the hero is shown.

In the genres of the middle form (story) - a number of episodes are presented, i.e. period of life. A large epic form (novel, epic, poem) - reveals the life path, the character of the hero.

The main theme of the ancient epic is the life of the clan, the key moments of its history. The modern epic is an individual creativity. But even now the hero performs a patriotic duty. Heroic songs and tales gave rise to the genre of the poem. Outstanding monuments of the heroic epic:

I. Sumerian - "The Tale of Gilgamesh" 1800 BC.

II. Indian - "Mahabharata" 1000 BC - the battle of 2 clans for dominance in the kingdom in the upper part of the Ganges River.

III. Knightly epic

Beowulf - England

The Tale of the Nibelungen - Germany

"The Song of My Side" - Spain

Elder Edda - Iceland

"The Song of Roland" - France

"Kalevala" - Karelian-Finnish epic

Epics of Vladimir-Kyiv and Novogorod

"Olonkho" - legends of the Yakut people.

Nart epic of the Caucasian peoples (valiant tribe)

"David of Sasun" - Armenian

"Manas" is Kyrgyz.

Folk epic inspires poets, artists, directors, musicians to create new works. The American poet Logfellow, based on the Indian epic, wrote "The Song of Hiawatha".

Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli "The Knight in the Panther's Skin".

Unknown Russian storyteller "The Word about Igor's Campaign".

M. Lermontov "Song about the merchant Kalashnikov."

Composers did not bypass the epic either. An epic symphonic genre has developed in music. For example, Bogatyr Symphony by Borodin; M. Mussorgsky's epic opera "Khovanshchina", "Sorochinsky Fair", "Prince Igor" by Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov's epic operas and fairy-tale operas "Sadko", "Pskovityanka", "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kityazh".

The epic theme left a huge mark in the visual arts. Everyone knows the paintings of Vasnetsov: "Three Bogatyrs", "After the Battle", "The Knight at the Crossroads", "Ivan Tsarevich" and others.

20. Features of Orthodox worship. Three circles of time. Ticket17.1

Christian worship incorporates 2000 experiences of the Orthodox and Catholic churches. The church service is akin to a theatrical performance and combines many arts. The interior decoration of the church (icons, frescoes, utensils), vocal and choral music, bells, and the Word of Prayer play an important role.

Everything is designed to serve not only aesthetic pleasure, but also the spiritual transformation of a person. National traditions also influence the church service. In central Africa, the service is accompanied by the sounds of tom-tom, in Ethiopia it is accompanied by a dance of priests, in India, the service includes the ceremony of bringing flowers as a gift.

Three circles of time are distinguished in Orthodox worship: daily (daily), weekly, annual. The church day begins in the evening, when the first star rises in the sky, illuminating the birth of the Savior (Bethlehem). Therefore, the first service of the day is called vespers. It consists of reading psalms and hymns thanking God for the past day. The fragrance of incense symbolizes a prayer that rises to heaven. In ancient times, supper was combined with other prayers and continued until morning. Hence its name - the all-night vigil.

Matins is performed in the morning hours. In the temple, the lights are turned off and 6 psalms are read, in which God is praised.

Liturgy is the basis of daily worship. Bread and wine are prepared for her, the name is communion people with eternal life. During the liturgy, they ask God for the salvation of the soul, peace, weather, and the fertility of the earth.

The weekly circle is devoted to saints or sacred events. For example, Friday is dedicated to the Cross and the events of Golgotha, Saturday is dedicated to the Mother of God.

The Orthodox Church year is marked by many holidays. The main ones are 12, the so-called twelfth: the Nativity of the Virgin - September 21, the Nativity of Christ - January 7, baptism - January 19, the Resurrection of Christ - Easter, the Ascension - 40 days after Easter, the Trinity, the Transfiguration of the Lord, the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

21.Christian holidays. Ticket 4.1

Religious holidays are celebrated throughout the year by representatives of all world religions. The Orthodox church year is also marked by many religious holidays, but the main ones are twelve, the so-called "twelfth".

Among them: the Nativity of the Virgin (September 21); Exaltation of the Holy Cross (September 27); Entry into the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos (December 4); Christmas (January 7); Baptism of the Lord or Epiphany (January 19); Meeting of the Lord (February 15); Annunciation (April 7); Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem (one week before Easter); Resurrection of Christ - Easter; Ascension (40 days after Easter); Trinity (50 days after Easter) Transfiguration (August 19) Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (August 28).

There are also memorable days of saints in the Christian calendar.

Easter is one of the main Christian holidays. This is the memory of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, of his death on the cross and Resurrection. By His death, by His voluntary sacrifice, Christ atoned for the sins of people and gave them the immortality of the soul, eternal life. Easter is celebrated according to the lunar calendar, so the day of the holiday falls between April 4 and May 7.

At Easter, it is customary to bake Easter cakes and paint eggs. According to legend, Saint Mary Magdalene gave the Roman emperor a painted egg for Easter with the words: "Christ is Risen!". Since then, it has become customary to paint eggs and exchange them, that is, to christen: congratulate each other and hug each other three times.

Easter celebrations begin with a procession.

The procession is a solemn procession from one church to another.

The Resurrection of Christ is celebrated at home with a festive breakfast with Easter cake.

For a whole week, the holiday is accompanied by the ringing of bells.

The image of the holiday has been repeatedly used in the fine arts of Russia and Western art. The most interesting painting by I. Repin "The procession for Easter."

22.Muslim rite of Hajj. Ticket 18.1

homeland of islam city Mecca in Saudi Arabia. Islam originated in the seventh century CE. e. The prophet of Islam is Muhammad. The word "Islam" is translated as "obedience to God". Islam now has 400 million adherents. The center of Islam was the city of Mecca. It is located on the Arabian Peninsula in a valley. On the square near the Great Mosque (prayer house) is the main shrine of Islam, the Kaaba, a building made of gray stone in the shape of a cube, covered with black brocade with embroidered sayings from the Koran. Inside the Kaaba is the shrine of Islam - a black stone, which symbolizes the key to the Heavenly Temple. It was brought to earth by Adam, expelled from paradise. But first it was white. The sins of man made him black.

It is believed that a person who sees paradise through this stone will surely go there after death. Therefore, every Muslim strives, at least once in his life, to get to Mecca.

70 days after fasting, in the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims make the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. There are no poor and rich here. Pilgrims are united by God Allah.

Hajj begins with a rite of purity - people dress in white clothes. It reminds of humility before God and the shroud in which a person will appear before Allah after death. The ritual includes the passage of pilgrims through the valley of Mina to Mount Arafat. Here they listen to a sermon, pray and run to the brightly lit mosque.

The next day after the morning prayer, the pilgrims again go to the valley and throw 7 stones at the pillar, which symbolizes Satan.

Then follows the rite of animal sacrifice, in memory of the readiness of Abraham (Ibrahim) to sacrifice his son to God. After that, they must generously feed the poor and all comers. Many Muslims donate money to the mosque instead of making a sacrifice. Then they return to the Kaaba, go around almost running 3 times and slowly 4 times around it. This symbolizes the search for water among the hills.

At the same time, the ceremony is performed by about 2 million people. Now Saudi Arabia is forced to impose restrictions on the entry of pilgrims, as during the Hajj a few years ago, people died in a stampede. A Muslim who has performed the Hajj is entitled to wear a white turban and an honorary prefix to the name Haji.

23.History and traditions of carnival celebrations. Ticket17.2

Carnival is a favorite holiday of many peoples of the world. Many believe that this word comes from the Latin "carus navales", which means "amusing chariot", that is, a ship of festive processions. Other scholars believe that it comes from the word "carne vale" - goodbye meat and is associated with the time of the upcoming fast in the countries of Western Europe. Even in ancient times, our ancestors dressed in animal skins, put on masks and danced saying goodbye to winter and meeting spring.

Carnivals became especially popular during the Renaissance. During this celebration, the business life of the city stopped.

Italy is considered the birthplace of carnivals. The protagonist is the "king", decorously sitting on a wagon. He is surrounded by the heroes of the Italian comedy of masks dell'arte: the rogue Harlequin, the cowardly Captain, the ingenuous Lovers, the coquettish Colombina, Pulcinella and others.

The Venetian carnivals are especially famous. Now there are real miracles. At the end of February, all tourists come here. Hundreds of people in indescribable outfits and mysterious masks walk along the Venice embankment.

No less popular and famous is the Brazilian carnival in Rio de Janeiro. He is 350 years old. 16 national samba schools prepare a song, dance, sew costumes, and create scenery.

The festive procession lasts 4 days. During these days, the jury evaluates the scenery, costumes, the skill of samba or lambada performers.

Dancers' headdresses reach 10–13 kg. And they cannot be removed until the end of the carnival procession. The Brazilian carnival absorbed Indian, Portuguese and Negro traditions. Currently, the carnival has moved from the streets to special stadiums - "sambadromes", Participants sing and dance to the point of exhaustion. They are not allowed to break the rhythm, sit down or stop singing. The heat at this time of the year can reach 30 degrees Celsius.

Peculiar carnival processions take place in Las Vegas. They involve blond beauties, copies of Marilyn Monroe, mechanical giants, king Kongs, actors, circus performers.

Switzerland also loves carnivals. Here in February they burn an effigy of Winter and arrange a “parade of witches”, and in March you will be greeted by the sounds of flutes and white ghosts.

In Spain, you can see a parade of "fallence" dolls that play scenes from ancient Greek mythology and the life of modern politicians.

In Belgium, in the city of Bruges, "cat carnivals" are held. In the Middle Ages, cats were thrown from high towers here, considering them to be the embodiment of evil spirits, and now, the inhabitants of the city ask them for forgiveness. At the carnival, residents dress up in cat costumes and treat their pets plentifully.

In Russia, carnivals were introduced by Peter I. Now carnival processions have resumed on New Year and Christmas holidays.

24 .Features of Christian temple architecture.19.2

Each religion is represented by its temple, which represents one or another model of the world. Not a single civilization of the world could do without a temple of cult significance. Even in primitive society, stone structures were erected next to people's dwellings, serving as a place of worship for the forces of nature.

Christian churches did not appear immediately. The beginning of Christianity is associated with persecution and persecution, so believers performed services deep underground, in the catacombs. Only with the adoption of Christianity as the official faith, will the widespread construction of temples begin.

The basis of the Catholic church was the basilica (from the Greek - royal house) - an elongated building, divided by rows of columns into parts, i.e. naves. Temples are built from west to east, because there is, according to them, the center of the Earth - Jerusalem. A semicircular apse also looks to the East. It houses the altar, the sacred part of the building. The altar separates the earthly and heavenly parts of the temple. The appearance of the basilica is simple and austere, but the interior decoration is distinguished by splendor and solemnity. The walls are decorated with frescoes (painting on wet plaster), mosaics (drawings made of multi-colored stones or colored smalt glass), sculpture, and luxurious items for church services.

In Orthodox Christianity, a cross-domed type of church is used, having the shape of a cross with a dome in the center. In Christian churches there is not a single trifle devoid of religious meaning. The building itself resembles a ship that carries believers through everyday hardships to eternity. The number of domes is very important. It is deeply symbolic: one dome means the One God, 3-Holy Trinity, 5-Christ and four Evangelists, 7-sacred sacraments of the church (Baptism, Communion, etc.), 13-Christ and 12 apostles, 33-years of the earth the life of Christ. The shape of the dome also matters. Ancient - helmet-shaped, reminiscent of the valiant past, the defenders of the Fatherland. Bulbous - symbolizes the flame of a candle.

The color of the domes also matters. Gold ones are dedicated to Jesus and the main church holidays, a symbol of heavenly glory. Blue with stars are dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The green ones are dedicated to the Trinity and symbolize the Holy Spirit. Temples dedicated to saints are crowned with green or silver domes.

Since the 17th century, tent churches began to be erected in Rus'. For example, the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye near Moscow. Then they will be banned.

A belfry or belfry is being built next to the temple. Let's get to know the temple itself.

Climbing the stairs, we will enter the porch. There used to be Christians excommunicated for sins from the church. The main part is the altar. On the right side is the sacristy, where sacred garments are kept. The altar is separated from the rest of the temple by an iconostasis - a partition with icons. Sometimes in one temple there are several altars-chapels, which are consecrated in honor of memorable events. The temple is the house of God, believers come to it to communicate with him.

To view a presentation with pictures, design, and slides, download its file and open it in PowerPoint on your computer.
Text content of presentation slides: The heroic epic of the peoples of the world Outstanding monuments of the heroic epic "The first victories over nature caused the people to feel their stability, pride in themselves, the desire for new victories and prompted the creation of a heroic epic" M. Gorky "The Tale of Gilgamesh" or "The Poem of the Who Has Seen Everything" (about 1800 BC), one of the most poetic works telling about a brave folk hero who went in search of wisdom, happiness and immortality. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a hymn about friendship, which not only helps to overcome external obstacles, but also transforms and ennobles. "Mahabharata" or "The Great Legend of the Descendants of Bharata", created in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. in Sanskrit, the oldest Indian literary language. One of the largest literary works in the world, the Mahabharata is a complex set of epic narratives, short stories, fables, parables, legends, cosmogonic myths, hymns, laments, united according to the framing principle typical of large forms of Indian literature, consists of eighteen books (parv ) and contains over 75,000 couplets (shlok). One of the few works of world literature, which claims about itself that it has everything in the world. "Bhagavad Gita" (Skt. भगवद्‌ गीता, "Divine Song") - a monument of ancient Indian literature, part of the "Mahabharata", consists of 700 verses, is one of the sacred texts of Hinduism, which presents the main essence of Hindu philosophy. The philosophical discourse of the Bhagavad-gita takes place just before the start of the great Battle of Kurukshetra. Two people are involved in the conversation - Arjuna and Krishna. sri-bhagavan uvaca urdhva-mulam adhah sakham aswattham prahur avyayam chandamsi yasya parnani yas tam veda sa veda-vit sri-bhagavan uvaca--the Supreme Lord said; urdhva-mulam--that whose roots are directed upwards; adhah--down; sakham--that whose branches; aswattham--banyan tree; prahuḥ—say; avyayam -- eternal; chandamsi—Vedic hymns; yasya—whom; parnani—leaves; yah - which; there - then; veda - knows; sah -- that; veda-vit--knower of the Vedas. The Supreme Lord said: The scriptures speak of an eternal banyan tree whose roots are up and branches down, whose leaves are the Vedic hymns. Knowing this tree, a person comprehends the wisdom of the Vedas. tri-vidham narakasyedam dvaram nashanam atmanah kamah krodhas tatha lobhas tasmad etat trayam tyajet tri-vidham--comprising three kinds; narakasya—hell; idam - these; dvaram—the gate; nashanam--death; atmanah--souls; kamah--lust; krodhah--anger; tatha—and also; lobhah -- greed; tasmat - therefore; etat - these; trayam--three; tyajet - let him leave. There are three gates to hell: lust, anger and greed. And every sane person should renounce these vices, for they destroy the soul. Knightly epic In the Middle Ages, many peoples of Western Europe developed a heroic epic that reflected the knightly ideals of valor and honor. Beowulf (England) Nibelungenlied (Germany) Song of my Side (Spain) Elder Edda (Iceland) Song of Roland (France) Kalevala (Karelian-Finnish epic) Beowulf An Anglo-Saxon epic poem set in Scandinavia before the Angles migrated to Britain. Named after the main character. The text was created at the beginning of the 8th century and has been preserved in a single copy of the 11th century. This is the oldest epic poem of "barbarian" (Germanic) Europe, preserved in its entirety. The main content lies in the tales of Beowulf's victory over the terrible monsters Grendel and his mother, and over the dragon that devastated the country. The Nibelungenlied A medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th or early 13th century. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures". It tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siegfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband. The Song of Roland An epic poem written in Old French. The work tells about the death of the rearguard detachment of the army of Charlemagne, returning in August 778 from an aggressive campaign in Spain. The Elder Edda The Song Edda is a collection of Old Norse songs about the gods and heroes of Scandinavian mythology and history. Songs were first recorded in the second half of the 13th century. The songs about the gods contain the richest mythological material, and the central place in the songs about heroes is occupied by a person (hero), his good name and posthumous glory.

Attached files