Tsars of the Russian Empire chronology. © Library of antiques and numismatics, review of antique market prices, old maps. Advertising. Mikhail I Fedorovich

Romanovs.
There are two main versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one they come from Prussia, according to the other from Novgorod. Under Ivan IV (the Terrible), the family was close to the royal throne and had a certain political influence. The surname Romanov was first adopted by Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich).

Tsars and emperors of the Romanov dynasty.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645).
Years of government - 1613-1645.
The son of Patriarch Philaret and Xenia Ivanovna Shestova (after the tonsure, nun Martha). On February 21, 1613, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar by the Zemsky Sobor, and on July 11 of the same year he was married to the kingdom. Was married twice. He had three daughters and a son - the heir to the throne Alexei Mikhailovich.
The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich was marked by rapid construction in large cities, the development of Siberia and the development of technical progress.

Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1629-1676)
Years of government - 1645-1676
The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich was noted:
- church reform (in other words, a split in the church)
- peasant war led by Stepan Razin
- reunification of Russia and Ukraine
- a number of riots: "Salt", "Copper"
Was married twice. His first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, bore him 13 children, including the future tsars Fedor and Ivan, and Princess Sophia. Second wife Natalya Naryshkina - 3 children, including the future Emperor Peter I.
Before his death, Alexei Mikhailovich blessed his son from his first marriage, Fedor, to the kingdom.

Fedor III (Fyodor Alekseevich) (1661-1682)
Years of government - 1676-1682
Under Feodor III, a census was conducted and the cutting off of hands for theft was abolished. Orphanages began to be built. The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established, with admission to study in it for representatives of all classes.
Was married twice. There were no children. He did not appoint heirs before his death.

Ivan V (Ivan Alekseevich) (1666-1696)
Years of government - 1682-1696
He took over the reign after the death of his brother Fedor by the right of seniority.
He was very painful and incapable of governing the country. The boyars and the patriarch decided to depose Ivan V and declare the underage Peter Alekseevich (future Peter I) the king. Relatives from both heirs fought desperately for power. The result was a bloody Streltsy rebellion. As a result, it was decided to crown both of them, which happened on June 25, 1682. Ivan V was a nominal tsar and never engaged in public affairs. In reality, the country was ruled first by Princess Sophia, and then by Peter I.
He was married to Praskovya Saltykova. They had five daughters, including the future Empress Anna Ioannovna.

Princess Sofya (Sofya Alekseevna) (1657-1704)
Years of government - 1682-1689
Under Sophia, the persecution of the Old Believers was intensified. Her favorite Prince Golits undertook two unsuccessful campaigns against the Crimea. As a result of the coup in 1689, Peter I came to power. Sophia was forcibly tonsured a nun and died in the Novodevichy Convent.

Peter I (Peter Alekseevich) (1672-1725)
Years of government - 1682-1725
He was the first to take the title of emperor. When there were many global changes in the state:
- the capital was moved to the newly built city of St. Petersburg.
- the Russian navy was founded
- carried out a lot of successful military campaigns, including the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava
- another church reform was carried out, the Holy Synod was established, the institution of the patriarch was abolished, the church was deprived of its own funds
- the Senate was established
The emperor was married twice. The first wife is Evdokia Lopukhina. The second is Marta Skavronskaya.
Three children of Peter survived to adulthood: Tsarevich Alesya and daughters Elizabeth and Anna.
Tsarevich Alexei was considered the heir, but was accused of high treason and died under torture. According to one version, he was tortured to death by his own father.

Catherine I (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727)
Years of government - 1725-1727
After the death of her crowned husband, she took his throne. The most significant event of her reign was the opening of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Peter II (Peter Alekseevich) (1715-1730)
Years of government - 1727-1730
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei.
He ascended the throne quite young and was not involved in state affairs. He was passionate about hunting.

Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740)
Years of government - 1730-1740
Daughter of Tsar Ivan V, niece of Peter I.
Since there were no heirs after Peter II, the members of the Privy Council decided the issue with the throne. They chose Anna Ioannovna, forcing her to sign a document limiting royal power. Subsequently, she tore the document, and the members of the Privy Council were either executed or sent into exile.
Anna Ioannovna declared the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, Ivan Antonovich, her heir.

Ivan VI (Ivan Antonovich) (1740-1764)
Years of government - 1740-1741
Great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, nephew of Anna Ioannovna.
First, under the young emperor, the favorite of Anna Ioannovna Biron was regent, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna. After the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna, the emperor and his family spent the rest of their days in captivity.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761)
Years of government - 1741-1761
Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. The last ruler of the state, who is a direct descendant of the Romanovs. She ascended the throne as a result of a coup d'état. All her life she patronized the arts and science.
She declared her nephew Peter to be her heir.

Peter III (1728-1762)
Years of government - 1761-1762
Grandson of Peter I, son of his eldest daughter Anna and Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich.
During his short reign, he managed to sign a decree on equality of religions and the Manifesto of the Liberty of the Nobility. He was killed by a group of conspirators.
He was married to Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica (future Empress Catherine II). He had a son, Pavel, who would later take the Russian throne.

Catherine II (née Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica) (1729-1796)
Years of government - 1762-1796
She became empress after the coup d'état and the assassination of Peter III.
The reign of Catherine is called the golden age. Russia conducted a lot of successful military campaigns and gained new territories. Science and art developed.

Pavel I (1754-1801)
Years of government - 1796-1801
Son of Peter III and Catherine II.
He was married to the princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, at baptism Natalya Alekseevna. They had ten children. Two of whom later became emperors.
Killed by conspirators.

Alexander I (Alexander Pavlovich) (1777-1825)
Reign 1801-1825
Son of Emperor Paul I.
After the coup and the murder of his father, he ascended the throne.
Defeated Napoleon.
He had no heirs.
A legend is connected with him that he did not die in 1825, but became a wandering monk and ended his days in one of the monasteries.

Nicholas I (Nikolai Pavlovich) (1796-1855)
Years of government - 1825-1855
Son of Emperor Paul I, brother of Emperor Alexander I
Under him, the Decembrist Uprising took place.
He was married to the Prussian princess Friederika Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina. The couple had 7 children.

Alexander II the Liberator (Alexander Nikolaevich) (1818-1881)
Years of government - 1855-1881
Son of Emperor Nicholas I.
He abolished serfdom in Russia.
Was married twice. First time on Mary, Princess of Hesse. The second marriage was considered morganatic and was concluded with Princess Catherine Dolgoruky.
The emperor died at the hands of terrorists.

Alexander III the Peacemaker (Alexander Alexandrovich) (1845-1894)
Years of government - 1881-1894
Son of Emperor Alexander II.
Under him, Russia was very stable, rapid economic growth began.
He married the Danish princess Dagmar. The marriage produced 4 sons and two daughters.

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich) (1868-1918)
Years of government - 1894-1917
Son of Emperor Alexander III.
The last Russian emperor.
The time of his reign was quite difficult, marked by riots, revolutions, unsuccessful wars and a fading economy.
He was greatly influenced by his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Princess Alice of Hesse). The couple had 4 daughters and a son Alex.
In 1917 the Emperor abdicated.
In 1918, together with his entire family, he was shot by the Bolsheviks.
Ranked by the Russian Orthodox Church to the Face of Saints.

For almost 400 years of the existence of this title, it was worn by completely different people - from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.

Rurikovichi

Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed its political system many times. At first, the rulers had a princely title. When, after a period of political fragmentation, a new Russian state was formed around Moscow, the owners of the Kremlin thought about accepting the royal title.

This was done under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the successor. It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.

Such historical figures as had a great influence on the development of the whole country. In addition to the fact that Ivan the Terrible changed his title, he also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, starting Russian expansion to the East.

Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by his weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. Rulers have always paid much attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he stood up especially sharply. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne came to an end.

Time of Troubles

After Fyodor's death, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the royal family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to keep calm in the provinces. Due to the tense situation, Godunov failed to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.

In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepiev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He really managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live up to this moment - he died from health complications. His son Fyodor II was captured by the associates of False Dmitry and killed.

The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars who did not like that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). During the Time of Troubles, the rulers of Russia often changed.

The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky did not hold her back and was overthrown by the Polish interventionists.

First Romanovs

When in 1613 Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders, the question arose of who should be made sovereign. This text presents all the tsars of Russia in order (with portraits). Now it's time to tell about the ascension to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.

The first sovereign of this kind - Michael (1613-1645) - was just a young man when he was put to rule a vast country. His main goal was the struggle with Poland for the lands occupied by it during the Time of Troubles.

These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of the reign until the middle of the 17th century. After Michael, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule, the fraternal peoples finally began to live in one country.

Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Fedor III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.

Peter the Great

Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (let's look at all the rulers in chronological order) - knows few examples of an era so full of changes.

A new army and navy appeared. To do this, Peter started a war against Sweden. The Northern War lasted 21 years. During it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. In this region, in 1703, St. Petersburg was founded - the new capital of Russia. Peter's success made him think about changing his title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech, monarchs continued to be called kings.

The era of palace coups

Peter's death was followed by a long period of unstable power. The monarchs succeeded each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated. As a rule, the guards or certain courtiers were at the head of these changes. During this era, Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ruled ).

The last of them was of German origin. Under the predecessor of Peter III, Elizabeth, Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch renounced all conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. With this act, he signed his own death warrant. The guards organized another palace coup, after which Peter's wife Catherine II was on the throne.

Catherine II and Paul I

Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous statutory commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Order. This document contained many considerations about the transformations needed for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.

All the tsars and presidents of Russia (in chronological order, we listed all the royal persons) took care that the country looked worthy on the foreign arena. She was no exception. She led several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, three partitions of Poland took place. So the Russian Empire received important acquisitions in the west.

After the death of the great empress, her son Paul I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was not liked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.

First half of the 19th century

In 1801 there was another and the last palace coup. A group of conspirators dealt with Pavel. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign fell on the Patriotic War and the invasion of Napoleon. The rulers of the Russian state have not faced such a serious enemy intervention for two centuries. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called "the liberator of Europe".

Inside his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their policies as they age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.

At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855) there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Because of this, conservative orders triumphed in the country for thirty years.

Second half of the 19th century

Here are all the tsars of Russia in order, with portraits. Further, we will talk about the main reformer of the national statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He became the initiator of the manifesto on the liberation of the peasants. The destruction of serfdom allowed the development of the Russian market and capitalism. The country began to grow economically. The reforms also affected the judiciary, local self-government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to raise the country to its feet and learn the lessons that the lost one started under Nicholas I taught him.

But Alexander's reforms were not enough for the radicals. Terrorists attempted several times on his life. In 1881 they were successful. Alexander II died from a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.

Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch, Alexander III (1881-1894), forever became a tough reactionary and conservative. But he is best known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war.

The last king

Alexander III died in 1894. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived itself. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - knew a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nicholas that there were more than ever many of them.

In 1904-1905. the country experienced a humiliating war with Japan. It was followed by the first revolution. Although the unrest was suppressed, the king had to make concessions to public opinion. He agreed to establish a constitutional monarchy and a parliament.

The tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.

In 1914 the First World War began. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917, the February Revolution broke out, and the last tsar had to abdicate. Nicholas II, together with his family, was shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.

Proclamation of the course towards the "village NEP" -1925

XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) - December 1925 proclaimed a course towards industrialization

The defeat of the "new opposition"

"United opposition" -1926-1927

Expulsion of L.D. Trotsky from the USSR-1929

Locarno Conference-1925

Soviet-German Treaty of Non-Aggression and Neutrality-1926

The beginning of the participation of the USSR in the work of the League of Nations Disarmament Commission-1927

Accession of the USSR to the Briand-Kellogg Pact-1928

XV Congress of the CPSU (b), the adoption of the first five-year plan - December 1927, proclaimed a course towards collectivization

Grain procurement crisis-1927-1928

First Five-Year Plan-1928-1932

XVI Congress of the CPSU (b) -1930

The beginning of the Izotov movement-1932

Second Five-Year Plan-1933-1937

The beginning of the Stakhanov movement-1935

The appearance of the first MTS-1928

I.V. Stalin's message about the "radical change" in the collective farm movement - November 1929

Transition to the policy of "eliminating the kulaks as a class" -January 1930

Famine in grain regions-1932-1933

Completion of collectivization-1937

"Shakhty case" -1928

Trial in the case of the "Industrial Party" -1930

Trial in the case of the "Union Bureau of Mensheviks" -1931

The activities of the "Union of Marxist-Leninists" headed by M.N. Ryutin-1932

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations" -1932

1st Congress of Soviet Writers-1934

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars "On the teaching of civil history in the schools of the USSR" -1934

XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) - January 1934

Adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR-November 1936

Campaign against formalism-1936

Trial in the case of the "Terrorist Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center" -1936

Trial in the case of the "Parallel Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center" -1937

Death of S. Ordzhonikidze-February 1937

Case of M.N. Tukhachevsky-1937

"Great Terror" -1937-1938

Publication of the "Short course of the history of the CPSU (b) -1938

The foreign policy of the USSR in the 1930s.

The entry of the USSR into the League of Nations-1934

Soviet-Franco-Czechoslovak Mutual Assistance Agreement-1935

Soviet-Japanese conflict on Lake Khasan-July 1938

Soviet-Japanese conflict on the river Khalkhin-Gol-May-September 1939

Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations in Moscow - June-August 1939

The entry of Soviet troops into Western Ukraine and Western Belarus - September 17, 1939

Mutual assistance pacts between the USSR and the Baltic countries - September-October 1939

The entry of Soviet troops into the Baltic States-June 1940

The entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - June 1940

The establishment of Soviet power in the Baltic States - July 1940

The entry of the Baltic States into the USSR - August 1940

Great Patriotic War-1941-1945

1941:

Evacuation of government offices from Moscow-

The transition of the Germans to the defense in the Moscow direction-

The resumption of the German offensive on Moscow

June 22, 1941 Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius addressed the faithful, in which he urged them to defend their Fatherland from fascist robbers.

A radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War -

1942:

The unsuccessful offensive of the Red Army in the Crimea - April-May

Unsuccessful offensive of the Red Army near Kharkov - May

1943:

In September 1943 Stalin allowed the election of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', as well as the formation of the Holy Synod - Sergius was elected patriarch.

The tank column, which received the name of Dmitry Donskoy, was created with the money of clergy and parishioners.

Guerrilla operation "Rail war" - August-September

Guerrilla operation "Concert" - September-October

1944: military operations

Leningradsko-Novgorodskaya - January-February

Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya - January-February

Dnieper-Carpathian - January-March

Crimean - April-May

Belorusskaya (Bagration) - June-August

Karelian - June-August

Lvivsko-Sandomirovskaya - July-August

Baltic - July-September

Iasi-Chisinau - August

Petsamo-Kirkenes - October

East Carpathian - September-October

Debrecen - October

1945:

Budapest - February

Balaton - March

Vistula-Oder - January-February

East Prussian and Pomeranian - January-April

Vienna - March-April

Formation and development of the anti-Hitler coalition:

Signing of the Atlantic Charter - August 1941

Accession of the USSR to the Atlantic Charter - September 1941

Moscow conference of representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - September 29-October 1, 1941

Anglo-Soviet Alliance Treaty - May 1942

Soviet-American agreement - June 1942

Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA, and Great Britain - November 28-December 1, 1943

Allied opening of a second front in northern France

Yalta Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - February 1945

Potsdam Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - July 1945

Post-war recovery-1945-1953:

Fourth Five-Year Plan - 1946-1950

Cancellation of cards for food and industrial goods-1947.

Monetary reform-1947

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On criminal liability for theft of state and public property" - 1947.

Test in the USSR of the atomic bomb-1949.

Fifth five-year plan - 1951-1955

XIX Congress of the CPSU-1952.

Test in the USSR of a hydrogen bomb-1953.

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines“ Zvezda ”and“ Leningrad ”-1946.

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it” - 1946

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the film

"Big Life" -1946

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the opera “The Great Friendship” by V. Muradeli” - 1948

Arrest of members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee - 1948

Session of VASKhNIL, the defeat of genetics-1948.

The beginning of the campaign for the "fight against cosmopolitanism" -1949.

"Leningrad case" -1949

"The case of the MGB" -1951-1952.

Execution of members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee-1952.

"The case of doctors" -1952.

The beginning of the "cold war" -W. Churchill's Fulton speech - 1946.

Marshall Plan 1947

Creation of Cominform-1947.

The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, 1947-1948.

Soviet-Yugoslav conflict-1948-1949.

Berlin Crisis-1948-1949

Creation of the FRG and the GDR-1949.

Creation of NATO-1949.

Creation of CMEA-1949.

War in Korea 1950-1953

Many believe that there is no need to know the history of their state. However, any historian is ready to thoroughly argue with this. After all, knowing the history of the rulers of Russia is very important not only for the overall development, but also in order not to make the mistakes of the past.

In contact with

Classmates

In this article, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the table of all the rulers of our country from the date of its foundation in chronological order. The article will help you find out who and when ruled our country, as well as what outstanding things he did for it.

Before the advent of Rus', a large number of different tribes lived in its future territory for many centuries, however, the history of our state started in the 10th century with the call to the throne of the Russian state of Rurik. He laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty.

List of classifications of rulers of Russia

It's no secret that history is a whole science, which is studied by a huge number of people called historians. For convenience, the entire history of the development of our country has been divided into the following stages:

Novgorod princes (from 863 to 882).
Great Kyiv princes (from 882 to 1263).
Moscow principality (from 1283 to 1547).
Tsars and emperors (from 1547 to 1917).
USSR (from 1917 to 1991).
Presidents (from 1991 to the present day).

As can be understood from this list, the center of the political life of our state, in other words, the capital, has changed several times depending on the era and events taking place in the country. Until 1547, the princes of the Rurik dynasty were at the head of Rus'. However, after that, the process of monarchization of the country began, which continued until 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power. Further, the collapse of the USSR, the emergence of independent countries on the territory of the former Rus' and, of course, the emergence of democracy.

So, to study this issue thoroughly., to learn details about all the rulers of the state in chronological order, we suggest studying the information of the following chapters of the article.

Heads of state from 862 to the period of fragmentation

This period includes the Novgorod and Great Kyiv princes. The main source of information that has survived to this day and helps all historians to compile lists and tables of all rulers is The Tale of Bygone Years. Thanks to this document, they were able to accurately or as close as possible to the exact set all the dates of the reign of the Russian princes of that time.

So, list of Novgorod and Kyiv princes looks like this:

Obviously, for any ruler, from Rurik to Putin, the main goal was to strengthen and modernize their state in the international arena. Of course, they all pursued the same goal, however, each of them preferred to go to the goal in their own way.

Fragmentation of Kievan Rus

After the reign of Yaropolk Vladimirovich, the process of a strong decline of Kyiv and the state as a whole began. This period is called the times of fragmentation of Rus'. During this time, all the people who were at the head of the state did not leave any significant mark on history, but only brought the state into its worst form.

Thus, until 1169, the following personalities managed to visit the throne of the ruler: Izyavlav the Third, Izyaslav Chernigov, Vyacheslav Rurikovich, and also Rostislav Smolensky.

Vladimir princes

After fragmentation, the capital of our state was moved to a city called Vladimir. This happened for the following reasons:

The Kiev principality has undergone a total decline and weakening.
Several political centers arose in the country, which they tried to pull over the board.
Every day the influence of the feudal lords grew.

The two most influential centers of influence on Russian politics were Vladimir and Galich. Although the Vladimir time was not as long as the rest, it left a serious mark on the history of the development of the Russian state. Therefore, it is necessary to make a list following Vladimir princes:

Prince Andrei - ruled for 15 years from 1169.
Vsevolod - was in power for a long 36 years, starting in 1176.
George Vsevolodovich - stood at the head of Rus' from 1218 to 1238.
Yaroslav - was also the son of Vsevolod Andreevich. Ruled from 1238 to 1246.
Alexander Nevsky, who was on the throne for 11 long and productive years, came to power in 1252 and died in 1263. It's no secret that Nevsky was a great commander who made a huge contribution to the development of our state.
Yaroslav III - from 1263 to 1272.
Dmitry the first - 1276 - 1283.
Dmitry II - 1284 - 1293.
Andrey Gorodetsky - the Grand Duke, who ruled in the period 1293 - 1303.
Mikhail of Tverskoy, also called "Saint". Came to power in 1305 and died in 1317.

As you may have noticed, the rulers were not included in this list for some time. The fact is that they did not leave any significant trace in the history of the development of Rus'. For this reason, they are not studied in the school course.

When the fragmentation of the country ended, there was a transfer of the political center of the country to Moscow. Moscow princes:

For the next 10 years, Rus' again experienced a decline. During these years, the Rurik dynasty was broken off, and various boyar families were in power.

The beginning of the Romanovs, the rise of the tsars to power, the monarchy

List of rulers of Russia from 1548 until the end of the 17th century is as follows:

Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible is one of the most famous and useful rulers of Russia for the history. Ruled from 1548 to 1574, after which the reign was interrupted for 2 years.
Semyon Kasimovsky (1574 - 1576).
Ivan the Terrible returned to power and ruled until 1584.
Tsar Fedor (1584 - 1598).

After Fedor's death, it turned out that he had no heirs. From that moment on, the state began to experience new problems. They lasted until 1612. The Rurik dynasty was over. It was replaced by a new one: the Romanov dynasty. They began their reign in 1613.

Mikhail Romanov is the first representative of the Romanovs. Ruled from 1613 to 1645.
After the death of Mikhail, his heir Alexei Mikhailovich sat on the throne. (1645 - 1676)
Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682).
Sophia, Fyodor's sister. When Fedor died, his heirs were not yet ready to come to power. Therefore, the emperor's sister ascended the throne. She ruled from 1682 to 1689.

It is impossible to deny that with the advent of the Romanov dynasty, stability finally came to Russia. They were able to do what the Rurikovichs had been striving for so long. Namely: useful reforms, strengthening of power, territorial growth and banal strengthening. Finally, Russia entered the world field as one of the favorites.

Peter I

Historians claim that for all the improvements in our state we owe it to Peter I. He is rightfully considered the great Russian tsar and emperor.

Peter the Great launched the heyday of the Russian state, the fleet and army strengthened. He pursued an aggressive foreign policy, which at times strengthened Russia's position in the global race for supremacy. Of course, even before him, many rulers realized that the armed forces were the key to the success of the state, however, only he managed to achieve such success in this area.

After Peter the Great, the list of rulers of the Russian Empire is as follows:

The monarchy in the Russian Empire existed for quite a long time and left a huge mark on its history. The Romanov dynasty is one of the most legendary in the whole world. However, like everything else, it was destined to end after the October Revolution, which changed the structure of the state to a republic. There were no more kings.

USSR times

After the execution of Nicholas II and his family, Vladimir Lenin came to power. At this moment, the state of the USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was legally formalized. Lenin led the country until 1924.

List of rulers of the USSR:

During Gorbachev's time, the country again experienced colossal changes. There was a collapse of the USSR, as well as the emergence of independent states on the territory of the former USSR. Boris Yeltsin, president of independent Russia, came to power by force. He ruled from 1991 to 1999.

In 1999, Boris Yeltsin voluntarily resigned as president of Russia, leaving behind a successor, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. A year later, Putin was officially elected by the people and was at the head of Russia until 2008.

In 2008, another election was held, which was won by Dmitry Medvedev, who ruled until 2012. In 2012, Vladimir Putin was again elected president of the Russian Federation and holds the presidency today.

(1672 - 1725) a period of palace coups began in the country. This time was characterized by a rapid change, both of the rulers themselves and of the entire elite surrounding them. However, Catherine II was on the throne for 34 years, lived a long life and died at the age of 67. After her, emperors came to power in Russia, each of whom tried in his own way to raise her prestige throughout the world, and some succeeded. The history of the country forever included the names of those who ruled in Russia after Catherine II.

Briefly about the reign of Catherine II

The full name of the most famous Empress of All Russia is Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Tserbskaya. She was born on May 2, 1729 in Prussia. In 1744, she was invited by Elizabeth II with her mother to Russia, where she immediately began to study the Russian language and the history of her new homeland. In the same year, she converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy. On September 1, 1745, she was married to Peter Fedorovich, the future Emperor Peter III, who was 17 years old at the time of the marriage.

During the years of his reign from 1762 to 1796. Catherine II raised the general culture of the country, her political life to the European level. Under her, new legislation was adopted, which contained 526 articles. During her reign, Crimea, Azov, Kuban, Kerch, Kiburn, the western part of Volyn, as well as some regions of Belarus, Poland and Lithuania were annexed to Russia. Catherine II founded the Russian Academy of Sciences, introduced a system of secondary education, opened institutes for girls. In 1769, paper money, the so-called banknotes, was put into circulation. Money circulation at that time was based on copper money, which was extremely inconvenient for large commercial transactions. For example, 100 rubles in copper coins weighed more than 6 pounds, that is, more than a centner, which made financial transactions very difficult. Under Catherine II, the number of factories and factories increased four times, the army and navy gained strength. But there were many negative assessments of her activities. Including abuse of power by officials, bribery, embezzlement. Favorites of the empress received orders, gifts of fabulous value, privileges. Her generosity extended to almost everyone who was close to the court. During the reign of Catherine II, the situation of serfs worsened significantly.

Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich (1754 - 1801) was the son of Catherine II and Peter III. From birth he was under the care of Elizabeth II. Hieromonk Plato had a great influence on the worldview of the heir to the throne. He was married twice and had 10 children. He ascended the throne after the death of Catherine II. He issued a decree on succession to the throne, which legalized the transfer of the throne from father to son, the Manifesto on a three-day corvee. On the very first day of his reign, A.N. Radishchev from Siberian exile, released N.I. Novikov and A.T. Kosciuszko. He made serious reforms and transformations in the army and navy.

The country began to pay more attention to spiritual and secular education, military educational institutions. New seminaries and theological academies were opened. Paul I in 1798 supported the Order of Malta, which was practically defeated by the troops of France and for this he was proclaimed the protector of the order, that is, its protector, and later the Chief Master. The unpopular recent political decisions made by Paul, his harsh and despotic character caused discontent throughout society. As a result of the conspiracy, he was killed in his bedroom on the night of March 23, 1801.

After the death of Paul I, in 1801, Alexander I (1777 - 1825), his eldest son, ascended the Russian throne. Carried out a number of liberal reforms. He led successful military operations against Turkey, Sweden and Persia. After the victory in the war against Napoleon Bonaparte, he was among the leaders of the Congress of Vienna and the organizers of the Holy Alliance, which included Russia, Prussia and Austria. He died unexpectedly during an epidemic of typhoid fever in Taganrog. However, due to the fact that he repeatedly mentioned the desire to voluntarily leave the throne and “remove from the world”, a legend arose in society that a double died in Taganrog, and Alexander I became the elder Fyodor Kuzmich, who lived in the Urals and died in 1864.

The next Russian emperor was the brother of Alexander I, Nikolai Pavlovich, since Grand Duke Konstantin, who inherited the throne by seniority, abdicated. During the oath to the new sovereign on December 14, 1825, the Decembrist uprising took place, the purpose of which was to liberalize the existing political system, including the abolition of serfdom, and democratic freedoms up to a change in the form of government. The speech was suppressed on the same day, many were sent into exile, and the leaders were executed. Nicholas I was married to Alexandra Feodorovna, the Prussian princess Frederick-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhemine, with whom they had seven children. This marriage was of great importance for Prussia and Russia. Nicholas I had an engineering education and personally oversaw the construction of railways and the fort "Emperor Paul I", projects for fortifications for the naval defense of St. Petersburg. Died March 2, 1855 from pneumonia.

In 1855, the son of Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodorovna, Alexander II, ascended the throne. He was an excellent diplomat. He carried out the abolition of serfdom in 1861. He carried out a number of reforms that were of great importance for the further development of the country:

in 1857 he issued a decree that liquidated all military settlements;
in 1863 he introduced the university charter, which determined the order in Russian higher institutions;
carried out reforms of city self-government, judicial and secondary education;
in 1874 he approved the military reform on universal military service.

Several assassination attempts were made on the emperor. He died on March 13, 1881 after Ignaty Grinevitsky, member of the People's Will, threw a bomb at his feet.

Since 1881, Russia was ruled by Alexander III (1845 - 1894). He was married to a princess from Denmark, known in the country as Maria Feodorovna. They had six children. The emperor had a good military education, and after the death of his elder brother Nicholas, he mastered an additional course of sciences that one needed to know in order to competently manage the state. His reign was characterized by a series of harsh measures to strengthen administrative control. Judges began to be appointed by the government, censorship of printed publications was again introduced, and Old Believers were given legal status. In 1886 the so-called poll tax was abolished. Alexander III led an open foreign policy, which helped to strengthen his position in the international arena. The prestige of the country during his reign was extremely high, Russia did not participate in any war. He died on November 1, 1894 in the Livadia Palace, in the Crimea.

The years of the reign of Nicholas II (1868 - 1918) were characterized by the rapid economic development of Russia and the simultaneous growth of social tension. The increased growth of revolutionary sentiment resulted in the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. It was followed by a war with Japan for control of Manchuria and Korea, the country's participation in the First World War. After the February Revolution of 1917, he abdicated.

According to the decision of the Provisional Government, he was sent with his family into exile in Tobolsk. In the spring of 1918 he was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where he was shot along with his wife, children and several close associates. This is the last of those who ruled in Russia after Catherine 2. The family of Nicholas II is glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church as a saint.