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The Gothic style is an artistic style that was the final stage in the development of the Middle Ages of art in the countries of Western Central and partly Eastern Europe (between the middle of the 12th and 16th centuries). From the beginning of the 19th century, when the term Romanesque style was adopted for art, the chronological framework of the Gothic was limited, it distinguished the early, mature (high) and late phases.

Gothic developed in countries where the Catholic Church dominated, and under its auspices the feudal-church foundations were preserved in the ideology and culture of the Gothic era. Gothic art remained predominantly cult in purpose and religious in theme: it was correlated with eternity, with "higher" irrational forces.

Gothic is characterized by a symbolic - allegorical type of thinking and the conventions of artistic language. From the Romanesque style, Gothic inherited the primacy of architecture in the system of arts and traditional types of cultures and buildings. A special place in Gothic art was occupied by the cathedral - the highest example of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting (mainly stained glass windows). The space of the cathedral, incommensurable with man, the verticalism of its towers and vaults, the subordination of sculpture to the rhythms of the dynamism of architecture, the multi-colored radiance of stained-glass windows had a strong emotional impact on the faithful.

The development of Gothic art also reflected cardinal changes in the structure of medieval society: the beginning of the formation of centralized states, the growth and strengthening of cities, the advancement of secular forces, trade and crafts, as well as court and knightly circles. With the development of social consciousness, crafts and technology, the foundations of medieval religious and dogmatic worldviews weakened, the possibilities of cognition and aesthetic understanding of the real world expanded; new architectural types and tectonic systems took shape. Urban planning and civil architecture developed intensively.

Urban architectural ensembles included cultural and secular buildings, fortifications, bridges, and wells. The main city square was often lined with houses with arcades, retail and storage rooms in the lower floors. The main streets diverged from the square, the narrow facades of two, less often three-storey buildings with high gables lined up along the streets and embankments. The cities were surrounded by powerful walls with richly decorated travel towers. Castles gradually turned into complex complexes of fortresses, palaces and cultural buildings. Usually in the center of the city, dominating its buildings, there was a cathedral, which became the center of city life. In it, along with the divine service, theological disputes were arranged, mysteries were played out, and meetings of the townspeople took place. The cathedral was thought of as a kind of body of knowledge (mainly theological), a symbol of the Universe, and its artistic structure, combining solemn grandeur with passionate dynamics, an abundance of plastic motifs with a strict hierarchical system of their subordination, expressed not only the ideas of medieval social hierarchy and the power of divine forces over man , but also the growing self-consciousness of the townspeople, a frame of pillars (in mature Gothic - a bunch of columns) and lancet arches resting on them.

The structure of the building consists of rectangular cells (grass), limited by 4 pillars and 4 arches, which, together with rib arches, form the skeleton of a cross vault filled with lightweight small vaults - formwork.

Plan of the cathedral in Reims (France) 1211-1311

The lateral thrust of the arch of the main nave is transmitted with the help of supporting arches (flying buttresses) to the outer pillars - buttresses. The walls freed from the load in the gaps between the pillars are cut through by arched windows. Neutralization of the expansion of the arch by bringing out the main structural elements made it possible to create a feeling of lightness and the creative greatness of the efforts of the human team. Gothic originated in the northern part of France (Hilde-France) in the middle of the 12th century. and reached its peak in the first half of the 13th century. Stone Gothic cathedrals received their classical form in France. As a rule, these are 3-5-nave basilicas with a transverse nave - a transept and a semicircular bypass of the choir ("deambula-thorium"), to which radial chapels ("crown of chapels") adjoin. Their high and spacious interior is illuminated by the colored flickering of stained-glass windows. The impression of an unstoppable movement up and towards the altar is created by rows of slender pillars, a powerful take-off of pointed pointed arches, and the accelerated rhythm of the upper gallery arcades (triforium). Thanks to the contrast of the high main and semi-dark side aisles, a picturesque richness of aspects arises, a feeling of the infinity of space.

On the facades of the cathedrals, lancet arches and rich architectural and plastic decorations vary, details - patterned wimpers, phials, crabs, etc. Statues on consoles in front of the columns of the portals and in their upper arched gallery, reliefs on the plinths and tympanums of the portals, as well as on the capitals of the columns form an integral symbolic plot system, which includes characters and episodes of the Holy Scripture, allegorical images. The best works of Gothic plastic decor, the statues of the facades of the cathedrals in Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg, are imbued with spiritualized beauty, sincerity and nobility.

On the main square of the cities, town halls were built with rich decoration, often with a tower (town hall in Saint-Quentin, 1351-1509). Castles turned into majesties. palaces with rich interior decoration (the complex of the papal palace in Avignon), mansions ("hotels") of wealthy citizens were built.

The bold and complex frame construction of the Gothic cathedral, which embodied the triumph of the daring human engineering, made it possible to overcome the massiveness of the Romanesque buildings, lighten the walls and vaults, and create a dynamic unity of the interior space.

In Gothic, there is an enrichment and complication of the synthesis of arts, an expansion of the system of plots, which reflected medieval ideas about the world. The main type of fine art was sculpture, which received a rich ideological and artistic content and developed plastic forms. The stiffness and isolation of the Romanesque statues gave way to the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the viewer. Over time, an interest arose in real natural forms, in physical beauty and human feelings. The themes of motherhood, moral suffering, martyrdom and sacrificial fortitude of a person received a new interpretation.

In the Gothic of France, lyricism and tragic affects, sublime spirituality and social satire, fantastic grotesque and folklore, sharp life observations are organically intertwined. In that era, the book miniature flourished and altar painting appeared; decorative art, associated with a high level of development of guild craft, reached a high rise. In the late Gothic, in France, sculptural altars in interiors became widespread, combining wooden painted and gilded sculpture and tempera painting on wooden boards. A new emotional structure of images has developed, characterized by dramatic (often exalted) expression, especially in the scenes of the suffering of Christ and the saints. The finest examples of French Gothic art include small ivory sculpture, silver reliquaries, Limoges enamel, tapestries and carved furniture.

Late ("flaming") Gothic is characterized by a whimsical, flame-like pattern of window openings (Saint-Maclou in Rouen). Murals on secular subjects appeared (in the papal palace in Avignon, 14-15 centuries). In miniatures (chapter arr. hours) there has been a desire for the spiritualized humanity of images, for the transfer of space and volume. Secular buildings were erected (city gates, town halls, workshop and warehouse buildings, dance halls). The sculpture of the cathedrals (in Bamberg, Magdeburg, Naumbug) is distinguished by life-like concreteness and monumentality of images, powerful plastic expression. Parts of the temples were decorated with reliefs, statues, floral ornaments, images of fantastic animals; the abundance of secular motifs in the decor is characteristic (scenes of the labor of artisans and peasants, grotesque and satirical images). The theme of the stained-glass windows is also varied, in the range of which red, blue and yellow tones predominated.

The established Gothic frame system appeared in the abbey church of Saint-Denis (1137-44). Early Gothic also includes cathedrals in Lana, Paris, Chartres, for example, Notre Dame Cathedral on the Ile de la Cité in Paris. The grandiose cathedrals of mature Gothic in Reims and Amiens, as well as the Sainte-Chapelle chapel in Paris (1243-1248) with numerous stained-glass windows, are distinguished by the richness of rhythm, the perfection of the architecture of the composition and the sculpture of the decor. From the middle of the 13th century, majestic cathedrals were built in other European countries - in Germany (in Cologne), the Netherlands (in Utrecht), Spain (in Burgos, 1221-1599), Great Britain (Westminster Abbey in London), Sweden (in Uppsala), Czech Republic (choir and transept of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague), where the Gothic. builds, the techniques received a peculiar local interpretation. The crusaders brought the principles of G. to Rhodes, Cyprus and Syria.

At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, the construction of cathedrals in France was in crisis: the architectural forms became drier, the decor was more abundant, the statues received the same emphasized Z-shaped bend and features of courtesy.

Many people associate the Gothic style with goths, crosses and black locks. But was everything so dull in the 12th century, when this style had just come into fashion? Of course not. Gothic is primarily lightness and sublimity. During this period, people began to reach for enlightenment and, after that, for something beautiful. Today we will talk in more detail about the Gothic style: where and as a result of which it appeared, the main representatives. In general, read, it will be interesting.

Briefly about style

The word "Gothic" is the name of the style that dominated the Middle Ages. The French called Gothic the lancet style. This art dates back to the 12th century. (until the 15th century) It was at this time that the active struggle of the Catholic Church for power began in Europe. Therefore, all the art that was created during this period was aimed at exalting the church and faith.

New cathedrals were built, which were beautiful in themselves, and complemented by sculpture and painting, they looked simply divine. At this time, all artists used allegories. Now paintings, sculptures and even decorative items began to lay a hidden meaning.

Main Features

In short, gothic is a style that goes against everything that came before it.

Therefore, a kind of art is being formed that denies the classics and represents a natural development and modification of the Romanesque style.

Style Features:

  • Gothic is primarily sublimity and dynamics. All architecture strives upward and develops from the bottom up.
  • All buildings built in the Gothic style had a great height. This effect was achieved not only due to the walls, but also due to the long, pointed roofs.
  • Stained-glass windows began to be used everywhere. They have doors and even ceilings.
  • Arches became popular among architects of the 12th century; entrance and interior spaces were designed in this architectural design.

  • Sculpture from the Gothic period has become widespread. Sculptors now decorated not only the interiors and exteriors, but also decorated the walls of the building.

Architecture

Gothic was mainly manifested in architecture. People after heavy buildings built in the Romanesque style (with small windows and a minimum of decorative elements) wanted something light and sublime.

Gothic satisfied this desire. This style of the Middle Ages is divided into three periods:

  1. Early. In the buildings of this period, the influence of the Romanesque style can still be traced. But still, lightening of structures and vertical decor are already clearly observed. It was at this time that the architects appeared and can be traced the departure from barrel vaults. A well-thought-out system of columns and buttresses made it possible to make buildings lighter and more openwork. Notre Dame Cathedral is considered the most striking building of this period.
  2. Mature. In the churches of this period, a transition to frame structures can be traced. Instead of glass in the middle of the XIII century. start using stained glass. The windows themselves, by the way, become elongated and take the form of a pointed arch. Almost all buildings of this period are complemented by sculptures and sculptural compositions. The most striking buildings of mature Gothic are the cathedrals in Chartres and Reims.
  3. Late. During this period, the sculpture gradually acquires not a biblical character, but an everyday one. Even despite the fact that marble and stone statues adorned the walls of the church, scenes from the life of ordinary people were the theme for creativity. The most striking buildings of the late Gothic are the cathedrals: the cathedral in Moulin and Milan.

Furniture

In Gothic - this is sublimity and lightness. It was this effect that the craftsmen who made the furniture tried to achieve. First of all, in the everyday life of a medieval person there were such interior items as tables, chairs, chests.

The most common and sought after material was oak. Despite the heaviness of the material, carved chairs with a high back, tables with graceful legs and beds with openwork pillars for a canopy came out from under the skillful hands of the master.

Despite the fact that the Gothic style is primarily dynamic, medieval people often used static wrought iron bars to decorate rooms. They decorated fireplaces, less often windows.

Arts and Crafts

Gothic is the art of the late Middle Ages. People preferred to use the decor items of the past, but in a new interpretation. Cups for wine and vases were especially fond of. People did not strive for simplicity; they used church paraphernalia even in their own homes. So, on the tables in the living room one could see crosses and various figurines on the theme of biblical scenes. Often the room was decorated with bas-reliefs and statues. They could be not only biblical, but also mythological.

Painting

The Gothic style is not only architecture and sculpture, it is also painting. It was in the XIII-XIV centuries. realism began to emerge. Of course, in the Gothic era, it was not fully formed, but still the most significant works of that period, such as A. Lorenzetti's "Allegory of Good Government", the Van Eyck brothers "Ghent Altarpiece", were made in the emerging style of naturalism.

The faces of all the main characters are quite believable, although the feelings depicted on them are sometimes too simulated. In general, during the Gothic era, it was fashionable to depict bright moments of the manifestation of passions on icons. For example, the Mother of God very often on the canvases of artists is in a swoon, and on the faces of the women surrounding her, obvious sorrow and compassion are written.

Almost every painting was religious in nature. The artists worked out every detail of their painting. There were no ill-conceived moments, and not a single detail escaped the attention of the creator. After all, it was considered good taste to introduce allegories into your canvases. Therefore, you can find many works of Gothic artists, where images are written in detail on the altar.

Cloth

In Gothic, not only architecture had elongated forms. In clothing, there is also a trend towards pointedness. In the XIII-XIV centuries. shoes with long pointed toes, pointed hats and bicorne hats become popular. The hemlines of women's skirts are also lengthened.

Trains and long veils appear. Corsets do not go out of fashion, but now girls are pulling dresses higher. Clothing with a high waist and a long narrow skirt dominates. All this is sewn mainly from velvet, but silk does not go out of fashion. Sewing was used as decoration. Floral ornament prevails.

Men's fashion is also characterized by elongated shapes. But such clothes were preferred by the older generation. The youth flaunted in cropped trousers and jackets. Men's suits, as well as women's, are decorated with gold embroidery with intricate ornaments. Long powdered wigs are in fashion.

fr. gothique - from the name of the Germanic tribe ready) - an artistic style, mainly architectural, that originated in the 12th century. in France and in the late Middle Ages spread throughout Western Europe; Gothic architecture is characterized by lancet vaults on the ribs (ribs), an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as the subordination of architectural forms to vertical rhythm.

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GOTHIC

ital. - Gothic, germ. - Goths) - the artistic style of Western European art of the second half of the X ((- XV centuries.

The term "Gothic" was introduced by the humanists of the Renaissance, who wanted to emphasize the "barbaric" nature of medieval art by pointing out its connection with the art of the Goths. In fact, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and was a natural development and modification of the Romanesque style.

Gothic art, like Romanesque, remained predominantly cult in purpose and religious in subject matter. It was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic developed in the conditions of the strengthening of cities, the formation of centralized states, the growth and strengthening of trade and crafts, as well as court knights, that is, secular circles. Therefore, in Gothic art there is an interest in the inner world of a person, the range of topics expands, elements of realism are born.

The highest achievement of Gothic in the field of architecture was the city cathedral - unprecedented in height and size. Its architectural forms are subject to vertical rhythm. Lancet vaults, giant openwork towers on the western façade, high stained-glass windows - everything symbolizes a rush to heaven. The richest decoration of the cathedral serves the same purpose: stone lace of the walls, statues, reliefs.

Sculpture - the main type of Gothic fine art - receives a new ideological and artistic content and new forms of expression. The numbness of the Romanesque statues was replaced by the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the audience, an interest arose in human beauty and his feelings. There are even genre scenes, images of working life, folklore stories.

The book miniature was further developed, where interest in everyday life, in the landscape, as well as arts and crafts is noticeable.

In the XIV - XVI centuries. Gothic was gradually replaced by the culture of the Renaissance.

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    - (from Italian gotico, lit. Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe ready), Gothic style, artistic style, which was the final stage in the development of medieval art in the countries of Western, Central and partially Eastern Europe ... ... Art Encyclopedia

    Gothic- and, well. gothique f., it. gotico germ. Gothic. The architectural style of the European Middle Ages, characterized by pointed structures, lancet vaults, an abundance of stained-glass windows and sculptural ornamentation. BAS 2. Lime which I marinated in the Kremlin ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

    Gothic- GOTHIC, and, well. (or Stalinist Gothic, Soviet Gothic). High-rise buildings of the Stalin era in Moscow ... Dictionary of Russian Argo

    - (from Italian gotico letters. Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe ready), artistic style (between the middle of the 12th and 15th-16th centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in the West, Central and partly East. Europe. Gothic reflected cardinal ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    GOTHIC, and, for women. A style of medieval Western European architecture characterized by pointed structures, lancet vaults, an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations. | adj. gothic, oh, oh. Gothic architecture. G.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

    Exist., number of synonyms: 1 style (95) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

    - (Italian gotico, lit. - Gothic, French gothique - from the name of the Germanic tribe ready) artistic style, mainly architectural, originated in the XII century. in France and in the late Middle Ages spread throughout Western Europe; ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

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    This article is about medieval art; about youth subculture, see: Goths (subculture). This term has other meanings, see Gothic (meanings) ... Wikipedia

Books

  • Gothic. Dark Glamor, Valerie Steele, Jennifer Park. Gothic is a concept with a strange history that evokes images of death, destruction and decay in our memory. This is not just an art history term, but actually a reproach word in itself ...
  • Gothic. Dark Glamour, Valerie Steele, Jennifer Park. Gothic is a concept with a strange history that evokes images of death, destruction and decay in our memory. This is not just an art history term, but actually a reproach word in itself ...

Gothic

gothic, pl. no, w. (German: Gotik). A distinct style in late medieval European architecture characterized by lancet arches.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

Gothic

And, well. The style of medieval Western European architecture is characterized by pointed structures, lancet vaults, an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations.

adj. gothic, th, th. Gothic architecture. D. font (Latin letter with angular, elongated and pointed letters).

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Gothic

    The architectural style of the European Middle Ages, characterized by pointed structures, lancet vaults, an abundance of stained-glass windows and sculptural ornamentation.

    unfold Works of architectural, sculptural, ornamental art, created in this style.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Gothic

GOTHIC (from Italian gotico, lit. - Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe ready) artistic style (between the mid-12th and 15-16th centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in the West, Central and partly East. Europe. Gothic reflected cardinal changes in the structure of medieval society. The city cathedral became the leading architectural type: the frame system of Gothic architecture (lancet arches rest on pillars; the lateral thrust of the cross vaults laid out on ribs is transmitted by flying buttresses to buttresses) made it possible to create interiors of cathedrals unprecedented in height and vastness, to cut through the walls with huge windows with multi-colored stained-glass windows. The aspiration of the cathedral upward is expressed by giant openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and complex ornamentation. Urban planning and civil architecture developed (residential buildings, town halls, shopping arcades, city towers with elegant decor). In sculpture, stained-glass windows, pictorial and carved altars, miniatures, decorative items, the symbolic and allegorical structure is combined with new spiritual aspirations, lyrical emotions; expanding interest in the real world, nature, richness of experiences. In the 15-16 centuries. Gothic is replaced by the Renaissance.

Gothic

(from Italian gotico, literally ≈ Gothic, from the name of the Germanic tribe ready), Gothic style, artistic style, which was the final stage in the development of medieval art in the countries of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe (between the middle of the 12th and 15-16th centuries). The term "G." was introduced by the Italian Renaissance humanists as a pejorative term for all medieval art, which was considered "barbaric". From the beginning of the 19th century, when for the art of the 10th-12th centuries. the term “Romanesque style” was adopted, and the chronological framework of H. was limited, in which, in turn, the early, mature (high) and late phases were distinguished. The feudal-church foundations were preserved in the ideology and culture of Georgia's time; G. developed, like the Romanesque style, in areas dominated by the Catholic Church, and under its auspices. Gothic art remained predominantly cult in purpose and religious in theme: it was correlated with eternity, with "higher" irrational forces. Hence the symbolic-allegorical way of thinking in G. and the features of conventionality in her artistic language. From the Romanesque style, Georgia inherited both the undivided supremacy of architecture in the system of arts and the traditional types of religious buildings. The leading type in the epoch of G. was the cathedral as the highest example of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture, and painting (represented in G. mainly by stained-glass windows). The huge space of the cathedral, incommensurable with man, the aspiration of its towers and vaults to the sky, the subordination of statues to dynamic architectural rhythms, the surreal glow of stained-glass windows had a strong emotional impact on the faithful. At the same time, the development of the art of gypsy reflected cardinal changes in the structure of medieval society: the beginning of the formation of centralized states, the growth and strengthening of cities, and the advancement of secular forces—urban, commercial, craft, and guild strata, as well as court and chivalric strata. During the period of G., with its higher level of development of social consciousness, crafts and technology, the foundations of the medieval religious and dogmatic worldview weakened, the possibilities of cognition, the aesthetic development of the real world, expanded, especially in the field of human relations, spiritual aspirations and lyrical emotions: new architectural types and tectonic systems. Urban planning and civil architecture began to develop intensively (residential buildings, town halls, guild houses, shopping arcades, warehouses, city towers - "befroy", etc.). Urban architectural ensembles were formed, which included religious and secular buildings, fortifications, bridges, and wells. The main city square was lined with houses with arcades, retail and storage facilities in the lower floors. Usually, radial streets radiated from the square; narrow facades of 2≈5-story residential buildings with high gables lined up along the streets and embankments. Fortification construction was improved: cities were surrounded by powerful walls, travel towers were richly decorated; castles of kings and feudal lords gradually lost their impregnable appearance, turned into complex complexes of fortifications, palaces and places of worship. In the center of the city, dominating its buildings, there was a cathedral or a castle. The bold and complex frame construction of the cathedral, which arose in the epoch of G., made it possible to overcome the inertia and massiveness of Romanesque buildings, lighten the walls and vaults, create a dynamic unity of spatial cells, and greatly enlarge the interior. The cathedral became the center of city life (often it accommodated the entire population of the city). Along with divine services, theological debates were held in the cathedrals, mysteries were played out, and meetings of the townspeople took place. The ideological and artistic content of the cathedral is complex, multifaceted and synthetic: it was thought of as a kind of body of knowledge (at that time mainly theological), a symbol of the Universe; the entire artistic structure of the cathedral, combining solemn grandeur with passionate dynamics, endless abundance and variety of plastic motifs with a strict hierarchical system of their subordination, expressed not only the ideas of social hierarchy, the power of divine forces over man, generated by the feudal system, but also the growing self-awareness of cities, the creative efforts of the collective , inspiring stone masses. The synthesis of the arts in G. is incomparably richer and more complex than in the Romanesque style, and the system of plots is much broader, more harmonious, and more logical; it reflected all medieval ideas about the world. The main form of fine art was sculpture. For the first time after antiquity, statues and sculptural groups (on the facades of cathedrals or on altar barriers) received a rich artistic content and developed plastic forms; the stiffness and isolation of the pillar-like Romanesque statues were replaced by the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the viewer. There was a renewed interest (albeit on a spiritual basis) in real natural forms, in physical beauty and human feelings. Compared with antiquity, the range of emotional and ethical values ​​has changed significantly: the theme of motherhood, the theme of moral suffering, martyrdom, the mental stamina of a person - victims of violence, have entered art. The appeal to the diversity and contradictions of life, which reflected the clash of the social forces of medieval society, determined the complexity, conflict, and drama of H.'s art: lyricism and tragic affects, high spirituality and satire, fantastic grotesque and unvarnished fidelity to the observation of nature were intertwined in it. The tense emotional structure of Gothic art is directly created by the striving of the figures, their slight S-shaped bend and the sharply expressive rhythm of draperies in sculpture, the unparalleled intensity and depth of color in stained glass windows. The epoch of G. is the time of the heyday of book miniatures and the appearance of easel painting, the time of a high rise in the decorative arts associated with the flourishing of guild craft: in carving on stone, wood and bone, in ceramics and glassmaking, in various metal products decorated with stones and enamel, in fabrics and espaliers - everywhere the sophistication of fantasy and the generous richness of decor are combined with brilliant craftsmanship and meticulous finish. G. originated in northern France in the middle of the 12th century. and reached its peak in the first half of the 13th century. Its emergence was due to the formation of the city as an independent political and economic force and the new needs of urban life; The rapid development of French geography was facilitated by the national upsurge associated with the beginning of the unification of the country. Stone Gothic cathedrals became symbols of the centralized kingdom and the independence of growing cities, which received their classical form in France. As a rule, these are 3≈5-nave basilicas with a transept and a semicircular bypass of the choir (“ambulatory”), to which radial chapels (“crown of chapels”) adjoin. Extraordinarily high (in the cathedral in Beauvais 47.5 m) and spacious (in the cathedral in Amiens 118 m ` 33 m) interior, illuminated by the colored light of stained-glass windows: rows of slender pillars, a powerful rise of pointed lancet arches, an accelerated rhythm of the arches of the upper gallery (triforium) give rise to a feeling of irresistible movement up and forward, towards the altar; the contrast of the high light main nave with the semi-dark side naves creates a picturesque richness of aspects, a feeling of the infinity of space. The constructive basis of the cathedral is a framework of pillars (in mature G. taking the form of a bundle of columns) and lancet arches resting on them. The structure of the building consists of rectangular cells (grass) bounded by 4 pillars and 4 arches, which, together with diagonally intersecting ribs (ribs), form the skeleton of a cross vault filled with lightweight formwork. The lateral thrust of the vault is transmitted by connecting oblique arches (flying buttresses) to powerful external pillars (buttresses). The walls freed from the load in the gaps between the pillars were cut through by arched windows. The removal of structural elements to the outside, neutralizing the expansion of the vault, made it possible to create a feeling of lightness and spatial freedom of the interior, the rapid ascension of its verticals, moderated by inter-tier articulations. In turn, the bare structures that surround the cathedral from the south, east, and north (and are not visible either in the interior or from the facade) impress with a clear expression of the action of tectonic forces, the power of their rhythm. The double-towered western facades of French cathedrals with 3 deep "perspective" portals and a patterned round window ("rose") in the center combine aspiration upwards with clarity and balance of articulations. Lancet arches and architectural and plastic motifs vary endlessly on the facades - openwork pediments (wimpergi), turrets (phials), curls (crabbs), etc. Rows of statues on consoles in front of columns of portals and in the upper arched gallery, reliefs on the tympanums of the portals form an integral symbolic system, which includes characters and episodes of the Holy Scriptures, allegorical images. The whole decor is rhythmically organized, strictly subordinated to architectural articulations. This is the reason for the tectonics and proportions of the statues, the solemnity of their postures, the restraint of their gestures. The best statues on the facades of cathedrals (Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg, the portals of the transept in Chartres) are imbued with spiritualized beauty, sincerity and humanity of feeling. Dr. parts of the building were also decorated with reliefs, statues, floral ornaments, images of fantastic animals (“chimeras”); an abundance of secular motifs is characteristic (scenes of labor of artisans and peasants, grotesque and satirical images). The theme of the stained-glass windows is also varied, in the range of which red, blue and yellow tones predominated. The existing Gothic frame system appeared in the abbey church of Saint-Denis (1137≈44). The cathedrals at Lana (c. 1150–1215), Notre Dame de Paris (1163–1257), and Chartres (1194–1260) also belong to early Greece. The grandiose cathedrals of mature G. ≈ in Reims (1211–131

    and Amiens (1220-88), as well as the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris (1243-48) with magnificent stained glass windows. From the middle of the 13th century French cathedrals. types were built in other European countries - in Germany (Cologne, 1248≈1880) and the Netherlands (Utrecht, 1254≈1517), Spain (Burgos, 1221≈1599) and England (Westminster Abbey in London, 1245≈1745), Sweden ( Uppsala, begun around 1260), Bohemia (the choir and transept of the Cathedral of St. Vitus in Prague, 1344–1420), and Italy (Milan, 1386–1856), where independent national variants of gypsum were also formed. , Cyprus and Syria.

    In France itself, at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th centuries. the construction of cathedrals was in crisis: the architectural forms were becoming drier, the decor was more abundant, the statues were acquiring the same accentuated curve and standard sweetness. At the same time, new diverse and non-universal artistic forms emerge; they reflected the growth of self-awareness of the burghers, who sought to create their own culture, and the aristocratization of the feudal nobility, the increasing sophistication of court life. From the 14th century city ​​and monastery churches of the hall type (with equal height of the naves), castle and palace chapels acquired increasing importance. All of them are small, simple in plan, but along their vaults (“mesh”, “honeycomb”, “star-shaped”, etc.) complex, sometimes curvilinear patterns of ribs creep. Characteristic of late (“flaming”) glamor is also the whimsical, flame-like pattern of window casings (the church of Saint-Maclou in Rouen, 1434–70). The importance of secular urban architecture, which used not so much the design features of town as its compositional and decorative techniques, was growing: town halls with rich decorations and often in the palaces richly furnished inside (the palace of the popes in Avignon, 1334-52; the castle of Pierrefonds, 1390-1420), mansions ("hotels") of wealthy citizens are being built (the house of Jacques Coeur in Bourges, 1443-1451). Stone sculpture on the facades of temples was replaced by altars in the interiors, combining wooden painted and gilded sculpture and tempera painting on wooden boards. In late Gothic art, a new emotional structure of images is taking shape: mannered stylization and expression, exalted drama, addiction to scenes of suffering depicted with cruel naturalness. At the same time, secular paintings appeared (the palace of the popes in Avignon, 14-15 centuries), a portrait (“John the Good”, about 1360), and in miniatures of liturgical books and especially the hour books of noble persons (“The Small Hour Book of the Duke of Berry”, about 1380-85) there is a desire for the spiritualized humanity of images, for the transfer of life observations, space and volume. The finest examples of French Gothic art include small ivory sculpture, silver reliquaries, Limoges champlevé enamel, tapestries and carved furniture.

    Germany flourished in the middle of the 13th century. (western choir of the cathedral in Naumburg, after 1249). Hall churches appeared here early (Elisabethkirche in Marburg, 1235-83); to the southwest the type of a one-tower cathedral was formed (Freiburgim-Breisgau, about 1200 ≈ the end of the 15th century; Ulm, 1377≈ 1529, the height of the tower completed in the 19th century is 162 m); brick churches were built in the north (the monastery in Korin, 1275–1334; the Marienkirche in Lübeck, about 1270–1350), in which simplification of plans, volumes, and construction was often combined with patterned masonry, the use of glazed and figured brick (Marienkirche in Prenzlau, 1326 ≈40). Stone, brick and half-timbered secular buildings are diverse in type, composition and decoration - city gates, town halls, shop and warehouse buildings, hospitals, dance halls - with arched galleries, turrets, bay windows. Impressive concreteness of images and powerful plastic expression distinguish the sculpture of cathedrals (Bamberg, Magdeburg, Naumburg ≈ 13th century), which, as a rule, was located in the interiors. Virtuoso ingenuity marked decorative items (enamels of the Rhineland, reliquaries, goblets, carpets, furniture). Late German architecture (late 14th–early 16th centuries) gave rise to brilliant examples of hall churches (Annenkirche in Annaberg-Buchholz, 1499–1525) and palace halls (Albrechtsburg in Meissen, 1471–1485) with complex vaults; altar sculpture and painting flourished. Large Gothic buildings arose in Austria (Gothic parts of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, 1304-1454) and Switzerland (Cathedral in Bern, 1421-1588).

    The splendid towers of the cathedrals in Antwerp (1521–1530) and Mechelen (1452–1578) brought glory to Dutch gypsy, but especially civil buildings (cloth rows in Ypres, 1200–1304, in Bruges, 1248–1482; city halls in Brussels, 1401–1482 55, Leuven, 1448≈59, Oudenarde, 1526≈37), the decor of which is sometimes fantastically complex and rich.

    In England, the prerequisites for gypsy arose earlier than on the Continent (the first Gothic vaults in Europe were in the cathedral at Durham, around 1130-33), but its development, interrupted by internal historical upheavals, was slow and lengthy. English cathedrals, mostly monastic ones, usually represent a low elongated volume with a rectangular completion of the choir and a tower above the crossroads. The simplification and geometricity of the volumes are, as it were, compensated by the complexity of the pattern on the facade and vaults. According to the forms of decor, styles are distinguished: early (“lanceolate”; Salisbury Cathedral, 1220-1266), “decorated” (close to “flaming” G.; Exeter Cathedral, between 1275-1375) and “perpendicular”, which has no analogies in other countries and is distinguished by the fractional rhythm of uninterrupted verticals on the walls and windows and the purely decorative whimsical weaving of ribs on the vaults and carved ceilings (the choir of the cathedral in Gloucester, 1329-77; the chapel of King's College, Cambridge, 1446-1515). The flowering of English book miniatures, alabaster and wood carving, and embroidery is associated with G.. The influences of English, French, and German brick gypsum were intertwined in the Gothic architecture of Norway (the cathedral in Trondheim, the Gothic part ≈ ​​1180–1320), Denmark (the Cathedral of St. Vadstene, 1369≈1430).

    In Spain, the city cathedrals (Leon, 1205-88; Seville, 1402-1506) are large in size, have richly decorated facades and small windows; the interior is divided in two by an image behind the altar (retablo) with sculpture and painting. The influence of Moorish art was especially strong in G. Catalonia and the south of the country. In Catalonia, late Gothic single-nave halls were covered with large span vaults resting on walls reinforced with buttresses (Gerona Cathedral, 1325≈1607, nave width 24 m). Large vaulted halls were also created in secular buildings (stock exchange in Palma in Majorca, 1426-51). In the 16th century Gothic designs were carried over to the Spanish colony in the Americas.

    G. of Italy is peculiar, where in the 13th-14th centuries. Gothic elements were included in churches that retained the general Romanesque type (Cathedral in Orvieto, 1290-1569); even temples with Gothic vaults (Santa Maria Novella in Florence, circa 1278 ≈ circa 1360) are characterized by a static mass, a clear visibility of vast space. In rich Italian cities, intensive construction of civil buildings was carried out - town halls (Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, 1297-1310) and palaces (Doge's Palace, mainly 14-16 centuries, and Ca d'Oro, 1422-40, in Venice), where the features of the Gothic style were originally reworked.The influence of the Venetian G. is palpable in the architecture of Dalmatia, Greece, Crete, and Cyprus.In Italian fine art, the spread of G. was limited to the early development of Renaissance culture.

    In the eastern regions of Europe, Gothic buildings are often characterized by fortress features, laconicism, and even the severity of forms. G. spread in Hungary at the end of the 13th and 15th centuries. (Church of St. Michael in Sopron, castle in Visegrad). The heyday of Czech Gothic dates back to the 14th century, when the Cathedral of St. Vitus and the Old Town Hall in Prague, the hall church of St. Barbara in Kutná Hora (1388≈1547), the Charles Bridge in Prague (1357≈1378), the royal castle of Karlštejn (1348≈1357) and the hall churches of southern Bohemia were built. G. spread in Slovakia (the cathedral in Kosice, 1382–1499), Slovenia (the church in Ptuj, 1260), and Transylvania (the Black Church in Brasov, about 1385–1476). In Poland, the development of gypsum began in the 13th and 14th centuries. Wars with the Teutonic Order stimulated the development of fortified architecture, and the rise of cities led to the flourishing of secular architecture (town halls in Gdansk, 1378–1492, and Torun, 13–14 centuries). Churches were built mainly of brick (the Church of the Virgin Mary in Krakow, about 1360-1548; the hall church of the Virgin Mary in Gdansk, 1343-150

    and often decorated with frescoes. In Latvia, the transition to geography falls on the 13th and 14th centuries. (Dome church in Riga, 1211 - about 1300; castle in Cesis, 13-16 centuries). In southern Estonia in the 14th century. brick Gothic churches were built (Jaani Church in Tartu, until 132

    The Gothic appearance of Tallinn was determined in the 14th-15th centuries, when the walls and many towers were built, the fortified center - Vyshgorod (Toompea) and the burgher part of the city with the town hall (until 1341-1628) and the church of Oleviste (choir - about 1400) were formed. By the 14th-15th centuries. also include the early Gothic monuments of Lithuania (Trakai castle on the island); in the 15th-16th centuries. rich brick decor was given to the Onos church in Vilnius (completed in 1580) and the house of Perkuno in Kaunas.

    In the late Gothic era, the accumulation of empirical knowledge, the growth of interest in the real world, in the observation and study of nature, and the strengthening of the role of creative individuality increasingly came into conflict with the dogmatic foundation of geometry, led to its disintegration, and prepared the ground for the Renaissance system of worldview. This process was clearly manifested in the 14th century. in French miniature, in sculpture (Klaus Sluter, Klaus de Werve) and painting (Melchior Bruderlam and others) of Burgundy, in Czech sculpture (Peter Parlerzh) and painting (master Teodorik, masters of the Vyshebrod and Trebon altars). It went on even more intensively in the 15th century, accelerated by the influence of the Italian and Netherlandish Renaissance, and in the 16th century. G. everywhere gave way to Renaissance culture. Nevertheless, the national Gothic heritage, deeply rooted in the folk life of many European countries, had a strong influence on Renaissance and Baroque art, especially in Northern Europe, and then became an object of imitation and stylization (see False Gothic). Romanticism 19th century increased interest in G., included in the circle of the main sources of the spiritual traditions of mankind. The archaeological study of Georgia caused a revival of the principles of Gothic construction, influencing the formation of new structural systems, and attempts to restore medieval artistic crafts became the starting point for the search for new ways of developing decorative art.

    The film premiered on November 13, 2003 in the United States, but in a limited release. The film was released to the public on November 21st. The film cost $40 million to produce and grossed over $141 million worldwide. The film was released on DVD on March 23, 2004.

    Gothic (TV series)

    "Gothic" is an American television pilot created by Matt Lopez and produced by Mark Gordon, Nicholas Pepper and Lopez for ABC. The pilot received press coverage during its production period, but was not booked by the channel for subsequent broadcast due to a weak concept.

    Gothic

    Gothic- a period in the development of medieval art on the territory of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 11th - 12th to the 15th - 16th centuries. Gothic came to replace the Romanesque style, gradually replacing it. The term "Gothic" is most often applied to a well-known style of architectural structures that can be briefly described as "eerily majestic". But Gothic covers almost all works of fine art of this period: sculpture, painting, book miniature, stained glass, fresco and many others.

    Gothic originated in the middle of the 12th century in northern France, in the 13th century it spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, and England. Gothic penetrated into Italy later, with great difficulty and a strong transformation, which led to the emergence of "Italian Gothic". At the end of the 14th century, Europe was engulfed by the so-called international Gothic. Gothic penetrated into the countries of Eastern Europe later and stayed there a little longer - until the 16th century.

    For buildings and works of art containing characteristic Gothic elements, but created in the eclectic period (mid-19th century) and later, the term "Neo-Gothic" is applied.

    At the beginning of the 19th century, the term "Gothic novel" began to refer to the literary genre of the Romantic era - the literature of mystery and horror. In the 1980s, the term "gothic" began to be used to refer to the musical genre that arose at this time ("gothic rock"), and then the subculture that formed around it ("gothic subculture").

    Examples of the use of the word gothic in literature.

    This Gothic- she said, - this, however, is still pagan Gothic, but still Gothic.

    In Spain Gothic followed the Christians as they, province by province, reconquered the peninsula from the Moors.

    But Italy at a time when Gothic prevailed in Western Europe, became a battlefield of ancient traditions and rival styles.

    We will also have to leave a story about how the northern Gothic changed and adapted to the needs of municipal buildings and dwellings, how it was significantly supplanted by architectural forms originating in the Romanesque style in Italy, and how the classical traditions gradually came to life in Italy.

    In Italy, where architectural forms left more free space than Gothic, wall painting became more and more common.

    I remember when I tried to sell Breakley, my agent was very sorry that it was not Gothic, because schools and monasteries are greedy for the Gothic.

    Undoubtedly, the former were much more convinced of the indisputable normative validity of the classical ideal than the later admirers. gothic that the vague visions of their dreams of the past are exemplary and obligatory.

    New Age gothic established itself in the mid-seventies of the eighteenth century, which found expression in prose, poetry and art.

    The same principle, but in a more moderate dose, was the basis of the fashionable trend in the eighteenth century. gothic both in art and literature.

    These works are permeated with fashionable themes. gothic and a romantic touch of sentimentality, combined with the dark side of sexuality and the motif of incest.

    In their literary merit, they far surpassed diluted milk. gothic English fiction offered by public libraries to college girls and their mothers.

    The softness of the English gothic looked completely unacceptable to Sade's French eyes.

    But in the heart of this gloomy style gothic and a formidable structure spread an unexpected splendor of elegantly furnished and richly decorated harems.

    When the sun of the Middle Ages finally set and the genius gothic faded forever on the horizon of art, architecture is becoming more and more dim, discolored and recedes into the shadows.

    Italy never showed sympathy for gothic, which invaded its borders from the north, or to the Saracen style, which penetrated from the south.