The people in the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls. The theme of the motherland and the people in the poem by N. gogol "dead souls The theme of the motherland and the people in the poem" Dead souls "

Work on the poem "Dead Souls" N. V. Gogol began in 1835. Gogol's initial desire "... to show at least one side of all Rus' ..." gradually develops into the idea of "writing a complete composition", "where there would be more than one thing to laugh at." Later, after the publication of the poem, Gogol wrote: "There is a time when it is impossible to direct society or even the whole generation towards the beautiful, until you show the full depth of its real abomination." According to Herzen, "Dead Souls" shocked all of Russia.

Dead Souls gives a broad and truthful picture of Russian life in the 1820s and 30s. A provincial town, where the governor, officials and merchants reign supreme, landowners' estates, where Chichikov visited in search of "dead souls", a serf village, the capital with its ministers and generals - such is the social background of the poem.

With all its content, the poem denied the ugly, vile world of "dead souls" - greedy money-grubbers, slave owners and royal officials. Gogol, as in a mirror, reflected the whole disgusting essence of the nobility-bureaucratic system with its wild police order, the morality of the feudal lords and the arbitrariness of the landowners.

I don't think Gogol intended to oppose the life of the peasantry to the suffocating atmosphere of the life of officials and landlords. On the pages of the poem, the peasants are depicted far from being rosy. The footman Petrushka sleeps without undressing and "always carries some special scent with him." The coachman Selifan is not a fool to drink. But it is precisely for the peasants that Gogol has both kind words and a warm intonation when he speaks, for example, of Pyotr Neumyvay-Koryto, Ivan Koleso, Stepan Probka, the resourceful peasant Yeremey Sorokoplekhin. These are all people, about the fate of which the author thought about and asked the question: “What have you, my hearts, been doing in your lifetime? How did you get along?”

As soon as Gogol moves from landowners and officials, from chatterboxes and ossified hoarders to people from the people, to the images and themes of folk life, to the dream of the future of Russia, the very tone of the author's speech changes dramatically. Sad reflections, a gentle joke, and, finally, lyricism appear in it.

Behind the terrible world of landlord Russia, Gogol saw the living soul of the people. The poem speaks with enthusiasm and admiration of his prowess, courage, and love for a free life. In this regard, Chichikov's discussions about serfs and runaway peasants in the seventh chapter of the poem are of deep significance.

Serfdom hindered the development of Russia. Run-down villages, a dull life - serfdom dragged Russia into the past. Gogol saw a different country in his dreams. The image of a triple bird is a symbol of the power of his homeland. It belongs to the leading role in world development.

"Dead Souls" is "an encyclopedia of the life of serf Rus'." Belinsky wrote: "Gogol was the first to look boldly at Russian reality." If we did not have outstanding masters of the word, like Griboedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, then what would we know about the then Russian reality? Their civic feat consisted in the fact that, loving Russia, they were not afraid to show the “dark sides” of Russian society.

The poem sounds optimistic. Faith in one's own people, in its grandiose strength, faith in Russia with its uniqueness and originality nourished all of Gogol's work. Following the words of the great poet, he can boldly say: “I love my Motherland!”

Over the past decades, great changes have been taking place in our country, history and the paths to the future are being rethought, but Gogol's ideas are modern even now. Chernyshevsky wrote: "For a long time there has not been a writer in the world who would be so important to his people as Gogol is important to Russia." Her-tsen highly appreciated the poem. The beautiful soul of the author is visible in the work, his endless longing for the ideal, the sad charm of memories of a past life, a sense of the greatness of Russia.

Work on the poem "Dead Souls" N. V. Gogol began in 1835. The plot was suggested by Pushkin. Gogol's initial desire "...

Show at least one side of the whole of Rus' "gradually develops into the idea of" a complete essay, "where there would be more than one thing to laugh at." Later, after the publication of the poem, Gogol wrote: "There is a time when it is impossible to aspire society or even the whole generation to the beautiful until you show the full depth of its real abomination." According to Herzen, "Dead Souls" shocked all of Russia.

Dead Souls gives a broad and truthful picture of Russian life in the 1920s and 1930s. The provincial city, where the governor, officials and merchants reign supreme, the landowners' estates, where Chichikov visited in search of "dead souls", the fortress village, the capital with its ministers and generals - such is the social background of the poem. With all its content, the poem denied the ugly, vile world of "dead souls" - greedy money-grubbers, slave owners and royal officials.

Gogol, as in a mirror, reflected the whole disgusting essence of the noble-bureaucratic system with its wild police orders, the morality of the feudal lords and the arbitrariness of the landowners. The world of "dead souls" is opposed in the poem by the lyrical image of people's Russia, about which Gogol writes with love and admiration. As soon as he moves from landlords and officials, from chatterboxes and hoarders to people from the people, to the images and themes of people's life, to the dream of the future of Russia, the very tone of the author's speech changes dramatically. Sad reflections, a soft joke, and, finally, genuine lyrical inspiration appear in it. In the poem "Dead Souls" Gogol acted as a patriot, in whom lived an irresistible faith in the future, where there would be no manilovs and nostrils, dogs and Chichikovs. The writer expressed his deep hope that Russia would rise to greatness and glory.

Gogol speaks of the dullness and savagery that slavery brings to man. In this light, one must consider the images of Uncle Mityai, the girl Pelageya, who could not distinguish where the right is, where the left is, Plyushkin's Proshka and Mavri, who were beaten to an extreme degree. Social depression and humiliation left their mark on Selifan and Petrushka. The latter even had a noble impulse to read books, but he was more attracted not by what he read about, but by the process of reading itself, that some word always comes out of the letters, which sometimes the devil knows what it means.

The neglected villages, dull life, serfdom did not increase the dignity of Russia, did not exalt it, but dragged it into the past. Gogol saw a different Russia in his dreams. The image of a triple bird is a symbol of the power of his homeland. It has a leading role in world development.

"Dead Souls" is an encyclopedia of the life of serf Rus'. Belinsky wrote: "Gogol was the first to look boldly at Russian reality." What are these noble masters of life? Nothing! Russia will not regret them. If we did not have such people - outstanding masters of the word, like Griboedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, then what would we know about the life of the Russian people in the 19th century.

Their civic feat consisted in the fact that, loving Russia, they were not afraid to show the “dark sides” of Russian society. The poem sounds optimistic.

Faith in one's own people, in its grandiose powers, faith in Russia with its uniqueness and originality nourished all of Gogol's work. Following the great poet, Gogol can boldly say: “I love my Motherland!” Now in our country there are big changes, human values are being rethought, but the ideas of Gogol the prophet are modern even now. Chernyshevsky wrote: "For a long time there has not been a writer in the world who would be as important for his people as Gogol is important for Russia." Herzen highly appreciated the poem. The beautiful soul of the author is visible in the work, his endless longing for the ideal, the sad charm of memories of a past life, a sense of the greatness of Russia.

THE THEME OF THE HOMELAND AND THE PEOPLE IN N. V. GOGOL'S POEM "DEAD SOULS"

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In Gogol's poem Dead Souls, the theme of the people occupies one of the leading places. In Gogol's time, Russia was ruled by landlords and officials, "obsequious slaves of power and ruthless tyrants of their slaves, drinking the life and blood of the people" (according to Herzen's apt definition). The author shows a bleak picture of the life of the serf peasantry. The landowners ruthlessly exploit them, treat them like their slaves, and can buy and sell them like things. The “Cudgelhead” Box, afraid of making a cheap sale of dead souls, complains to the guest: “... I have never had the chance to sell the dead. I gave up the living ones, and here and the third year to the archpriest two girls, a hundred rubles each ... ” Peasants are obliged to fulfill all the whims of their masters.

Before going to bed, Korobochka asks Chichikov: “Maybe you are used to, my father, for someone to scratch your heels at night? My dead man couldn’t fall asleep without it.” Nozdryov’s “breadth of nature” has a detrimental effect, first of all, on the serfs. Their work is valued.

Everything that was grown by the labor and sweat of the peasants and sold at the fair "at the best price", the landowner lowered in a few days. Proudly speaks about this to Chichikov: “Congratulations: blown into the fluff!” A terrifying picture of the life and overwork of the people, their patience and courage, outbursts of protest, is presented by the author during Chichikov’s reflection on the list of dead souls he acquired. Reading the names of the peasants, the hero, sighing, said: “My fathers, how many of you are stuffed here! What have you, my hearts, been doing in your lifetime? How did you get along?” The image of the carpenter Stepan Cork, endowed with heroic strength, who probably went all over the provinces with an ax in his belt, attracts attention.

No less interesting is the image of the shoemaker Maxim Telyatnikov, who studied with a German and failed to organize his own business. Apparently, he drank himself, lay drunk on the street, saying: “No, it’s bad in the world! There is no life for a Russian person, all the Germans are in the way. Grigory When you got there, you didn't get there, he worked as a cart driver, renounced his home and gave his soul to God somewhere on the road.

In the soul of a enslaved people lives the desire for freedom. In Plyushkin's estate, the peasants, driven to the extreme degree of poverty, are "dying like flies", fleeing from the landowner. Examining the list of fugitives, Chichikov concludes: “Although you are still alive, what’s the use of you! The same as the dead ... are you sitting in prisons or stuck with other masters and plow the land? Yard Plyushkina Popov prefers life in prisons to returning to the estate of his master. Abakum Fyrov has gone into barge haulers and is pulling the strap to a mournful song.

Gogol also tells about cases of mass indignation of the peasants against their oppressors. This is vividly shown in the episodes of the assassination of assessor Drobyazhkin. At the same time, Gogol also sees the mighty strength of the people, crushed, but not killed by serfdom. It manifests itself in talent, diligence, energy of a Russian person, in his ability not to lose heart under any circumstances. Discussing the resettlement of the peasants bought by Chichikov to the Kherson province, officials say: “A Russian person is capable of everything and gets used to any climate. Send him even to Kamchatka, but give only warm mittens, he will clap his hands, an ax in his hands, and went to cut himself a new hut.

In one of the lyrical digressions, Gogol speaks of the accuracy, expressiveness of the Russian word, of the “living and lively Russian mind.” In his poem, Gogol showed Russia with its industrious and persistent people, in which inexhaustible forces are hidden, and expressed faith in the bright future of the people and , homeland. Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, in his social origin, differs from the circle of landowners represented in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". This is a man with a difficult character, a man of a new, bourgeois formation, an acquirer-predator who buys up dead souls. Gogol creates a very vague image of a man of unremarkable appearance: you will meet such a person on the street and you will not remember - in everything there is moderation and the middle, impersonality, completely excluding real human passions, the movement of the soul and leaving room for serving the “penny”: “not handsome, but not bad-looking”, “neither too fat nor too thin”, “one cannot say that he is old, but not so that he is too young ”, “middle-aged man”, “rank is not too big and not too small.”

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The theme of the Motherland and the people in the poem "Dead Souls" - (abstract)

Date added: March 2006

The theme of the Motherland and the people in the poem "Dead Souls"

My thoughts, my name, my works will belong to Russia. Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol began writing the poem in 1835 on Pushkin's insistent advice. After many years of wandering around Europe, Gogol settled in Rome, where he devoted himself entirely to work on the poem. He considered its creation as the fulfillment of the oath given by him to Pushkin, as the fulfillment of a writer's duty to the Motherland. In 1841, the poem was completed, but the members of the Moscow censorship committee, to whom he presented the manuscript, were indignant at the content of the work. The poem was banned. These were difficult days for Gogol. He turned to Belinsky for help, he did everything possible to bypass censorship and print the poem. Gogol knew how representatives of the ruling classes would react to his work, but he considered it his duty to Russia and the people to "show" at least from one side, all of Russia. until you show the depth of his real abomination. " This thought did not leave the writer-citizen during all his work on the poem.

Behind the terrible world of landlord Russia, Gogol felt the living soul of the people. The poem speaks with enthusiasm and admiration of his prowess, courage, and love for a free life. In this regard, Chichikov's discussions about serfs and runaway peasants in the seventh chapter of the poem are of deep significance. Gogol portrayed the image of the Motherland realistically, but with anger. Serfdom hindered the development of Russia. The neglected villages, dull life, serfdom did not increase the dignity of Russia, did not exalt it, but dragged it into the past. Gogol saw a different Russia in his dreams. The image of a triple bird is a symbol of the power of his homeland. It has a leading role in world development. "Dead Souls" is "an encyclopedia of the life of serf Rus'." Belinsky wrote: "Gogol was the first to look boldly at Russian reality." What are these noble masters of life? Nothing! Russia will not regret them. If we did not have such people as outstanding masters of the word, like Griboedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, then what would we know about Russian reality. Their civic feat consisted in the fact that, loving Russia, they were not afraid to show the "dark sides" of Russian society. The poem sounds optimistic. Faith in one's own people, in its grandiose powers, faith in Russia with its uniqueness and originality nourished all of Gogol's work. Following the words of the great poet, Gogol can safely say: "I love my Motherland!" Now great changes are taking place in our country, human values are being rethought, but the ideas of Gogol the prophet are modern even now. Chernyshevsky wrote: "For a long time there has not been a writer in the world who would be as important for his people as Gogol is important for Russia." Herzen highly appreciated the poem. In the work, the beautiful soul of the author is visible, his endless longing for the ideal, the sad charm of memories of a past life, a sense of the greatness of Russia.

The image of the people in the poem "Dead Souls". The poem "Dead Souls" in the work of N.V. Gogol occupies a special place. Gogol's global plan is to show the whole of Russia in the context, all its vices and shortcomings. Most of the population of Russia at that time were peasants. In the poem, their world is described very figuratively. In my opinion, it is divided into several components. Every landowner always has a little world of peasants that belongs to him and characterizes him. The peasants themselves are not described, but we can judge them by their dwellings. At Manilov, for example, "gray log huts darkened up and down." Korobochka already had other huts, "which, although they were built scattered, but, according to a remark made by Chichikov, showed the contentment of the inhabitants." The peasant lands of Sobakevich are not surprising - we see them the way we expected to see them - "poorly tailored, but tightly sewn." The huts of Plyushkin's peasants, like himself, are shown as old, dilapidated, practically unnecessary. In addition to the worlds of the peasants, there are, in my opinion, other worlds. The first is the allegorical world of the peasants who died or fled from their landlords, which is very different from all the others, and which is mentioned only occasionally. Also on the pages of the poem, we feel the presence of another - the so-called "central" world of the peasants, presented in specific situations. The most strange and incomprehensible, perhaps, is for us the world of dead or fleeing peasants. Its inhabitants are, as it were, opposed to the population of the "living" world. With the help of this technique, Gogol manages to emphasize the poverty of the morals of the main characters. After the excessively boastful speech of Sobakevich, describing his dead peasants, he himself, cunning and selfish, descends in our eyes at once to several levels. But the peasants - the property of the landowner, skillful, spiritually rich people were forced to meekly obey a person with the life principles of a tradesman. The following reminders of this world show us it from a completely different side. It appears to us as the "world of the living", those who have left the "world of the dead". The so-called central world requires special attention. He imperceptibly merges into the narrative at the very beginning of the poem, but her storyline does not often come into contact with him. At first, it is almost invisible, but then, along with the development of the plot, the description of this world is revealed. At the end of the first volume, the description turns into a hymn to all Rus'. Gogol figuratively compares Rus' "with a brisk and irresistible troika" rushing forward. Throughout the story, the writer exalts the peasants, who constitute the main, most active and useful part of this world, by contrast with the deliberately humiliated landowners, officials, and employees. The description of this world begins with a conversation between two crafty peasants discussing the technical capabilities of the carriage entering the city of NN. On the one hand, their conversation gives off idleness, one feels its incompleteness, uselessness. But, on the other hand, both of them showed a fairly high level of knowledge of the structure and capabilities of the crew. These two characters, in my opinion, are inexpressive and are shown more from a negative side than from a positive one. They appear at the very beginning of the work and, as it were, introduce us into the world of the poem. The next colorful representatives of the "central" world shown in the poem are two men who showed Chichikov the way to Manilovka. They know the territory well, but their speech is still lame. The most colorful character among the peasants, in my opinion, is the one we saw when he dragged "a thick log E like a tireless ant to his hut." He expresses the whole sweeping nature of the Russian people. Gogol emphasizes this, speaking through his lips "an aptly spoken Russian word." The most striking expression of the writer's patriotic feelings in the poem is a discussion about the fate of Rus'. Comparing her "immense expanses" with the incalculable spiritual riches of her people, Gogol sings a laudatory ode to her: And a mighty expanse envelops me menacingly, reflecting with terrible power in the depths of my soul; my eyes lit up with an unnatural power: wow! What a sparkling, wonderful, unfamiliar distance to the earth! - Russia!