Peoples of other countries of the world and their customs. The most numerous peoples of Russia The most numerous people
Despite the efforts of historians and ethnographers, the history of these peoples still keeps its mysteries.
1. Russians
Yes, Russians are one of the most mysterious peoples. Scientists still cannot come to a consensus either about when the Russians became "Russians", or about where, in fact, this word came from. The question of the origin of the people remains controversial. Normans, Scythians, Sarmatians, Wends, and even the South Siberian people of the Usuns were recorded as the ancestors of the Russians.
We do not know the origin of the Mayan people, nor where they disappeared to. Some scientists trace Mayan roots to the legendary Atlanteans, others believe that the Egyptians were their ancestors. The Maya created an efficient system of agriculture, had deep knowledge in the field of astronomy. The calendar developed by the Maya was used by other peoples of Central America. They used a hieroglyphic writing system, partially deciphered. The Mayan civilization was very advanced, but by the time the conquistadors arrived, it was in deep decline, and the Mayans themselves seemed to have disappeared into history.
3. Laplanders
The Laplanders are also called Sami and Lapps. The age of this ethnic group is at least 5000 years old. Scientists are still arguing who the Laplanders are and where they came from. Some consider this people to be Mongoloid, others argue that the Laplanders are Paleo-Europeans. The Sami language is classified as a Finno-Ugric language, but the Laplanders have 10 dialects of the Sami language, which are so different from each other that they can be called independent. This even makes it difficult for some Laplanders to communicate with others.
4. Prussians
The very origin of the name of the Prussians is shrouded in mystery. The first time it occurs only in the 9th century in the form of Brusi in the draft of an anonymous merchant, and later - in Polish and German chronicles. Linguists find analogies for it in many Indo-European languages and believe that it goes back to the Sanskrit purusa - "man". Sufficient information about the language of the Prussians has also not been preserved. Its last carrier died in 1677, and the plague of 1709-1711 exterminated the last Prussians in Prussia itself. Already in the 17th century, instead of Prussian history, the history of “Prussianism” and the kingdom of Prussia began, the local population of which had little in common with the Baltic name of the Prussians.
5. Cossacks
The question of where the Cossacks came from is still unresolved. Their homeland is found in the North Caucasus, and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and in Western Turkestan. The genealogy of the Cossacks is traced back to the Scythians, to the Alans, to the Circassians, to the Khazars, to the Goths, to the wanderers. Supporters of all versions have their own arguments. Today, the Cossacks are a multi-ethnic community, but they themselves like to insist that the Cossacks are a separate people.
6. Parsis
The Parsis are an ethno-confessional group of followers of Zoroastrianism in South Asia, of Iranian origin. Its number now is less than 130 thousand people. The Parsees have their own temples and the so-called "towers of silence", where, in order not to desecrate the sacred elements (earth, fire, water), they bury the dead (corpses are pecked by vultures). Parsees are often compared to Jews, they were also forced to leave their homeland and are meticulous in matters of observance of cults. The "Iranian League" in India at the beginning of the 20th century promoted the return of the Parsi to their homeland, reminiscent of the Zionism of the Jews.
7. Hutsuls
The meaning of the word "hutsul" is still debated. Some scientists believe that the etymology of the word goes back to the Moldavian "gots" or "guts", which means "robber", others - to the word "kochul", which means "shepherd". Hutsuls are also called "Ukrainian Highlanders". Among them, the traditions of quackery are still strong. Hutsul sorcerers are called molfars. They can be white and black. Molfars enjoy unquestioned authority.
8. Hittites
The Hittite state was one of the most influential forces on the geopolitical map of the Ancient World. The first constitution appeared here, the Hittites were the first to use war chariots and revered the double-headed eagle, but information about the Hittites is still fragmentary. In their "tables of courageous deeds" of the kings, there are many notes "for the next year", but the year of the report is unknown. We know the chronology of the Hittite state from the sources of its neighbors. The question remains: where did the Hittites disappear to? Johann Lehmann in his book The Hittites. The people of a thousand gods ”gives the version that the Hittites went north, where they assimilated with the Germanic tribes. But this is just a version.
9. Sumerians
The Sumerians are the most interesting and still one of the most mysterious peoples of the Ancient World. We do not know where they came from, nor what language family their language belonged to. A large number of homonyms suggests that it was tonal (as, for example, modern Chinese), which means that the meaning of what was said often depended on intonation. The Sumerians were one of the most advanced peoples of their time, they were the first in the entire Middle East to use the wheel, created an irrigation system, invented a unique writing system, and the knowledge of the Sumerians in mathematics and astronomy is still amazing.
The ancient people of the Etruscans suddenly appeared in human history, but also suddenly disappeared into it. According to archaeologists, the Etruscans inhabited the northwestern part of the Apennine Peninsula and created a fairly developed civilization there. It was the Etruscans who founded the first cities in Italy. Historians also believe that Roman numerals can also be called Etruscan. It is not known where the Etruscans disappeared. According to one version, they moved to the east and became the ancestors of the Slavic ethnic group. Some scholars argue that the Etruscan language is very close to Slavic in its structure.
The origin of the Armenians remains a mystery. There are many versions. Some scientists correlate Armenians with the people of the ancient state of Urartu, but the genetic component of the Urartians is present in the genetic code of the Armenians in the same way as the genetic component of the same Hurrians and Luwians, not to mention the proto-Armenians. There are Greek versions of the origin of the Armenians, as well as the so-called "Hayasian hypotheses", in which Hayas, the territory to the east of the Hittite kingdom, becomes the ancestral home of the Armenians. Scientists have not given a final answer to the question of the origin of the Armenians and most often adhere to the migration-mixed hypothesis of Armenian ethnogenesis.
According to linguistic and genetic studies, the ancestors of the Gypsies left the territory of India in an amount not exceeding 1000 people. There are about 10 million Roma in the world today. In the Middle Ages, gypsies in Europe were considered Egyptians. The very word Gitanes is derived from the Egyptian. Tarot cards, which are considered the last surviving fragment of the cult of the Egyptian god Thoth, were brought to Europe by the gypsies. They were not in vain called "Pharaoh's tribe." It was also striking for the Europeans that the gypsies embalmed their dead and buried them in crypts, where they laid everything necessary for life after death. These funeral traditions are still alive among the gypsies today.
Jews are one of the most mysterious of the living peoples. For a long time it was believed that the very concept of "Jews" is more cultural than ethnic. That is, that "Jews" were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. In science, there are still fierce discussions about what the Jews originally were - a people, a social stratum or a religious denomination.
There are many mysteries in the history of the Jewish people. At the end of the 8th century BC, five-sixths of the Jews completely disappeared - 10 out of 12 ethno-forming genera. Where did they go is the big question. There is a version that Finns, Swiss, Swedes, Norwegians, Irish, Welsh, French, Belgians, Dutch, Danes, Irish and Welsh, that is, almost all European peoples, come from the Scythians and Cimmerians, as descendants of 10 tribes. The question of the origin of the Ashkenazim and their closeness to the Jews of the Middle East also remains debatable.
The Guanches are the natives of Tenerife. The mystery of how they ended up in the Canary Islands has not yet been solved, since they did not have a fleet and did not have sailing skills. Their anthropological type did not correspond to the latitudes where they lived. The rectangular pyramids on the island of Tenerife, similar to the Mayan and Aztec pyramids in Mexico, also cause controversy. Neither the time of their construction nor the purpose for which they were erected is known.
Neighboring peoples wrote a lot about the Khazars, but they themselves left practically no information about themselves. How unexpectedly the Khazars appeared on the historical stage, just as suddenly they left it. Historians still do not have sufficient archaeological data about what Khazaria was like, nor an understanding of what language the Khazars spoke. It is also unknown where they eventually disappeared. There are many versions. There is no clarity.
The age, origin and language of the Basques is one of the main mysteries of modern history. The Basque language - Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any existing language family. As for genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguishes them from other peoples around them.
The Chaldeans are a Semitic-Aramaic people who lived at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. in southern and middle Mesopotamia. In 626-538 BC. in Babylon, the Chaldean dynasty ruled, which founded the Neo-Babylonian kingdom. The Chaldeans were a people still associated with magic and astrology. In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, priests and fortune-tellers of Babylonian origin were called Chaldeans. The Chaldeans made predictions to Alexander the Great and his heirs Antigonus and Seleucus.
The Sarmatians are one of the most mysterious peoples in world history. Herodotus called them "lizard-headed", Lomonosov believed that the Slavs descended from the Sarmatians, and the Polish gentry called themselves their direct descendants. The Sarmatians left a lot of mysteries. They probably had a matriarchy. Some scientists lead the roots of the Russian kokoshnik from the Sarmatians. Among them, the custom of artificial deformation of the skull was widespread, due to which the human head took on the shape of an elongated egg.
The Kalash are a small people living in northern Pakistan in the Hindu Kush mountains. He is probably the most famous "white" people of Asia. Disputes about the origin of the Kalash continue today. The Kalash themselves are sure that they are the descendants of the Macedonian himself. The Kalash language is called phonologically atypical; it has retained the basic composition of Sanskrit. Despite attempts at Islamization, many Kalash retain polytheism.
The modern name "Palestine" comes from "Philistia". The Philistines are the most mysterious people mentioned in the Bible. In the Middle East, only they and the Hittites owned the technology of steel smelting, marking the beginning of the Iron Age. The Bible says that this people comes from the island of Caphtor (Crete), although some historians correlate the Philistines with the Pelasgians. Both Egyptian manuscripts and archaeological finds testify to the Cretan origins of the Philistines. Where the Philistines disappeared to is still not clear. Most likely, they were assimilated by the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Books
- Reindeer. Management of behavior and populations. Reindeer breeding. Hunting, L. M. Baskin. For the first time, folk methods of reindeer management in reindeer herding and hunting are given a scientific description and explanation. A summary of the methods of working with deer among all reindeer herding peoples is presented ...
- World population. Ethno-Demographic Handbook, S. I. Brook. The reference book provides data (as of mid-1978) on the population on a global scale: birth and death rates, marital status, marriages, divorces, age composition, sex structure ...
>> The largest nations of the world
§ 5. The largest nations of the world
In total, there are 5-5.5 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, that is, established stable communities of people. The vast majority of peoples are extremely small.
There are 330 nations in the world with more than 1 million people, but they cover 96% of the total population of the Earth. There are only 11 nations in the world with more than 100 million people each (Table 20), but they cover almost 45% of all population Earth.
Table 20
Largest peoples and most spoken languages
| The largest nations of the world | Million people | Most Common Languages | Million people |
| 1. Chinese | 1170 | 1. Chinese | 1200 |
| 2. Hindustanis | 265 | 2. English | 520 |
| 3. Bengalis | 225 | 3. Spanish | 400 |
| 4. Americans USA | 200 | 4. Hindi | 360 |
| 5. Brazilians | 175 | 5. Arabic | 250 |
| 6. Russians | 140 | 6. Bengali | 225 |
| 7. Japanese | 125 | 7. Portuguese | 210 |
| 8. Punjabis | 115 | 8. Russian | 200 |
| 9. Biharis | 115 | 9. Indonesian | 190 |
| 10. Mexicans | 105 | 10. Japanese | 127 |
| 11. Javanese | 105 | 11. French | 120 |
| | | 12. German | 100 |
Chinese actor and director Jackie Chan
In second place among the largest peoples of the Earth are Arabs, which currently number about 350 million people.
In fifth place among the largest nations of the planet are Bengalis- the main population of the state of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India. The total number of Bengalis in the world is over 250 million (about 150 million in Bangladesh and about 100 million in India).
Indian writer and poet Rabindranath Tagore, Bengali by nationality
bengali girl
In sixth place among the largest peoples of the Earth are Brazilians(193 million people) - a nation that was formed in the same way as the American nation - by mixing different ethnic groups.
Brazilian soccer player Ronaldinho
The seventh largest people on the planet - Mexicans, of which there are 156 million people in the world, of which 121 million people. live in Mexico and 34.6 million live in the US. On the example of the Mexicans, one can note the conventionality of dividing people into nations. Those Mexicans who live in the US can be considered Mexicans and Americans at the same time.
Mexican Ximena Navarrete - Miss Universe 2010
Mexican football player Rafael Marquez, captain of the Mexico national team
The eighth largest people on Earth - Russians, of which there are about 150 million people in the world, of which 116 million live in Russia, 8.3 million in Ukraine, 3.8 million in Kazakhstan. Russians are the largest people in Europe.
Russian actress Irina Ivanovna Alferova
The ninth largest people in the world - Japanese(130 million people).
Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki
Close the ten largest peoples of the Earth Punjabis. In total, there are 120 million Punjabis in the world, of which 76 million people. lives in Pakistan and 29 million in India.
14th largest people in the world - marathi(80 million people) - the main population of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Indian actress Madhuri Dixit of the Maratha people
15th largest people on Earth - tamils, of which there are 77 million people in the world, of which 63 million live in India.
Tamil Indian actress Vyjayanthimala
Indian chess player Viswanathan Anand (Tamil by nationality), current world chess champion.
Approximately the same number as Tamils (77 million people) in the world, there are Vietnamese(Viet).
There are also no less than 75 million people Telugu- the main population of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
About 70 million people are Thais- the main population of Thailand.
Thai Piyaporn Deejin, Miss Thailand 2008
Another big nation Germans. There are 65 million Germans in Germany. If we also count people of German origin, then we get a more impressive figure - 150 million people. For example, in the US, 48 million people have German roots, making them the largest ethnic group among Americans.
German actress Diane Kruger
