Youth to old age 

The role and place of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" in the history of Russian literature. "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" main characters "Cinematic" compositional techniques

[in the camp]? [Cm. summary of the story "One day of Ivan Denisovich" .] After all, is it not just the need to survive, not the animal thirst for life? This need alone breeds people like canteens, like cooks. Ivan Denisovich is at the other pole of Good and Evil. That is Shukhov's strength, that with all the inevitable moral losses for a prisoner, he managed to keep his soul alive. Such moral categories as conscience, human dignity, decency determine his life behavior. Eight years of hard labor did not break the body. They didn't break their souls either. So the story about the Soviet camps grows to the scale of the story about the eternal strength of the human spirit.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn. One day of Ivan Denisovich. The author is reading. Fragment

The hero of Solzhenitsyn himself is hardly aware of his spiritual greatness. But the details of his behavior, seemingly insignificant, are fraught with deep meaning.

No matter how hungry Ivan Denisovich was, he ate not greedily, attentively, he tried not to look into other people's bowls. And although his shaved head was freezing, he certainly took off his hat while eating: “no matter how cold, but he could not allow himself is in the hat. Or - another detail. Ivan Denisovich smells the perfumed smoke of a cigarette. “... He was all tense in anticipation, and now this cigarette tail was more desirable to him than, it seems, the will itself, - but he wouldn't hurt himself and, like Fetyukov, he would not look into his mouth.

Deep meaning lies in the words highlighted here. Behind them lies a huge inner work, a struggle with circumstances, with oneself. Shukhov "forged his own soul, year by year", managing to remain a man. "And through that - a particle of his people." With respect and love speaks of him

This explains the attitude of Ivan Denisovich towards other prisoners: respect for those who survived; contempt for those who have lost their human form. So, he despises the goner and jackal Fetyukov because he licks bowls, because he “dropped himself”. This contempt is aggravated, perhaps also because “Fetyukov, you know, in some office he was a big boss. I went by car." And any boss, as already mentioned, is an enemy for Shukhov. And now he does not want this goner to get an extra bowl of gruel, he rejoices when he is beaten. Cruelty? Yes. But one must also understand Ivan Denisovich. It cost him considerable spiritual effort to preserve human dignity, and he suffered the right to despise those who have lost their dignity.

However, Shukhov not only despises, but also feels sorry for Fetyukov: “To figure it out, so sorry for him. He won't live to see his time. He doesn't know how to put himself." Convict Shch-854 knows how to put himself. But his moral victory is expressed not only in this. Having spent many years in hard labor, where the cruel "law-taiga" operates, he managed to save the most valuable asset - mercy, humanity, the ability to understand and pity the other.

All sympathy, all Shukhov's sympathy is on the side of those who survived, who have a strong spirit and mental fortitude.

Like a fairy-tale hero, Ivan Denisovich imagines brigadier Tyurin: “... the brigadier has a steel chest /... / it’s scary to interrupt his high thought /... / Stands against the wind - he won’t wince, the skin on his face is like oak bark" (34) . The prisoner Yu-81 is the same. "... He sits in the camps and in prisons innumerable, how much Soviet power costs ..." The portrait of this man matches the portrait of Tyurin. Both of them evoke images of heroes, like Mikula Selyaninovich: “Of all the hunched camp backs, his back was excellently straight /... / His face was all exhausted, but not to the weakness of a disabled wick, but to a hewn, dark stone” (102).

This is how “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” reveals “human fate” – the fate of people placed in inhuman conditions. The writer believes in the unlimited spiritual powers of man, in his ability to withstand the threat of bestiality.

Rereading Solzhenitsyn's story now, one involuntarily compares it with " Kolyma stories» V. Shalamova. The author of this terrible book draws the ninth circle of hell, where suffering reached such an extent that, with rare exceptions, people could no longer retain their human appearance.

“Shalamov’s camp experience was bitter and longer than mine,” writes A. Solzhenitsyn in The Gulag Archipelago, “and I respectfully admit that it was he, and not me, who got to touch that bottom of brutality and despair, to which the whole camp life was pulling us ". But paying tribute to this mournful book, Solzhenitsyn disagrees with its author in his views on man.

Addressing Shalamov, Solzhenitsyn says: “Perhaps anger is not the most durable feeling after all? With your personality and your poems, do you refute your own conception? According to the author of The Archipelago, “... even in the camp (and everywhere in life) there is no corruption without ascent. They are close".

Noting the steadfastness and fortitude of Ivan Denisovich, many critics, however, spoke of the poverty and earthiness of his spiritual world. So, L. Rzhevsky believes that Shukhov's horizons are limited by "one bread". Another critic argues that Solzhenitsyn's hero "suffers as a person and a family man, but to a lesser extent from the humiliation of his personal and civic dignity"

In the 11th issue of the Novy Mir magazine for 1962, a story by an unknown author, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, was published. It was that rare case in literature when the publication of a work of art in a short time became a social and political event.

“The story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” lived in our literature for only a year,” wrote the critic of the “New World” V.Ya. Lakshin, - and caused as many disputes, assessments, interpretations as no book has caused over the past few years. But she is not threatened with the fate of sensational one-day trips, which will be argued about and forgotten. No, the longer this book lives among readers, the more sharply its significance in our literature will become clear, the more deeply we will realize how it was necessary for it to appear. The story about Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is destined for a long life.

It is known that the significance of a work of art is determined by the fact that its creator made a new contribution to the history of literature. Today we are going to answer the following questions in class:

- What new did Solzhenitsyn's story bring to readers?

- Why "the story of Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is destined to a long life"?

- What is the secret of such success?

Columbus Archipelago

The novelty of the topic comes through already in the first paragraph: “At five o'clock, as always, the rise struck - with a hammer on the rail at the headquarters barracks. The intermittent ringing weakly passed through the panes, which were frozen two fingers deep, and soon died down: it was cold, and the warder was reluctant to wave his hand for a long time. Never before has the action taken place in a camp.

We read the final lines of the story with the words: “Shukhov fell asleep completely satisfied ...” What struck you the most in Solzhenitsyn's story? The everydayness of the events described, the contrast between the hero's well-being and the reader's perception: the “satisfied” hero, “almost a happy day” - the horror that the reader experiences in the process of reading.

Let's hear the impressions of the first readers. Among them, the well-known literary critic M. Chudakova: “Slowly, like a corpse well rolled up in a tarpaulin, accidentally picked up by a ship’s cable, a thoroughly flooded world, hitherto invisible to anyone, with its own laws of morality and life, with its detailed regulations, floated up from the bottom of socialism into the light of literature. behavior… We found ourselves in a terrible, but finally our own, non-fictional country…”

The slightly opened crack in the "top secret" world of the Stalinist gas chamber revealed one of the most terrible and burning secrets of the century.

At home, you should have found in the text the answer to the question: “What are the heroes of the story serving time for?” In response to the question, briefly introduce each of the characters. Subtotal: just listing the “crimes” committed by the heroes in comparison with the terms received for them is a stunning indictment of the state system, which ruthlessly destroys its own people.

Criticism of the 60s saw in Solzhenitsyn's story a denunciation of individual violations of the law in Stalin's time, which was publicly announced from the rostrum of the XX Party Congress N.S. Khrushchev. That is the only reason why the story was able to see the light of day. In this, the position of the author coincided with the ideology of the Khrushchev “thaw”. However, the author was far from socialist ideals and, not being able to openly declare his position, nevertheless reveals it in places. In the book “The calf butted with the oak” A.I. Solzhenitsyn writes: “I was accepted with a bang, while I was, apparently, only against Stalin's abuses, and here the whole society was with me. In the first things, I disguised myself before the police censorship - but in this way also before the public. The next steps I inevitably had to open myself up: it was time to speak more precisely and go deeper and deeper.”

Author's position and official ideology

TO How and in what differences did A.I. Solzhenitsyn with the official ideology of the 60s in the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"? Student's report (individual homework).

The student pays attention to the episodes in which they sound:

- criticism of the whole system of legislation(Regarding the “best opinion on Soviet legislation” of the captain Buinovsky: “Dudi-dudi, Shukhov thinks to himself without interfering, Senka Klevshin lived with the Americans for two days, so they rolled up his quarter, and you spent a month hanging around on their ship, so how long should I give you?"; "Kildigs himself was given twenty-five. This period used to be so happy: they gave everyone a comb for ten years. And from the forty-ninth such a band went - everyone at twenty-five, regardless. without dying, - well, live twenty-five ?!);

- disbelief in justice and the possibility of a free life in the country(Shukhov is finishing his term, but does not believe in the possibility of release: “Will they even let them go free? Won’t they hang dozens more for nothing?” After all, “no one has ever had an end to the term in this camp.” If you run out of ten - they will say you have one more”);

- radical rejection of the entire state system(Solzhenitsyn’s hero feels, if not hostility, then at least alienation to him from Soviet power: everywhere we see the use of third-person pronouns “they”, “theirs”, when it comes to state orders: “Does the sun obey their decrees?”, “Millions have already been let down through the pipe, so they think to catch up with chips”);

- spiritual opposition of the writer, the religious basis of his attitude(the views of the believing author are manifested not only in sympathy for Alyoshka the Baptist, who is serving time for his faith, but also in the remark of Brigadier Tyurin: “You are still there, Creator, in heaven. You endure for a long time, but you beat painfully”; and in reproach to Ivan Denisovich, who went through a search with a hacksaw and forgot to pray with gratitude, although at a difficult moment he “loftily” turned to God with a prayer: “Lord! Save me! Don’t give me a punishment cell!”; And in the spelling itself (with a capital letter, not only the name of God , but also a pronoun referring to Him);

- idealization of pre-kolkhoz life(“In the camps, Shukhov more than once recalled how they used to eat in the villages: potatoes - in whole pans, porridge - in pots, and even earlier, without collective farms, meat - in healthy chunks. Yes, they blew milk - let the belly burst. " Now he “with his whole soul languishes over a handful of oats”, which he immeasurably fed to horses from a young age”).

Thus, we can assert that already the first printed work of Solzhenitsyn is a story not about “individual violations of socialist legality”, but about the illegality, more precisely, the unnaturalness of the state system itself.

For several decades, Soviet literature sought to embody the image of the new man. The hero of Soviet literature was supposed to be an unbending fighter and an active builder of socialism, a youth of the "steel generation", a "real man", a hero of socialist labor. The “thaw” of the 60s contributed to the emergence of a new hero - the bearer of mass consciousness, the “simple Soviet person”.

- Who is Ivan Denisovich Shukhov?

What kind of person is he and what impression did he make on you?

- Is this a new hero for Soviet literature?

- And for the Russian? With whom can he be compared?

Ivan Denisovich has a lot in common with a simple Russian peasant of the classics of the 19th century, with the same Platon Karataev, with Leskov's heroes. At the heart of his moral ideas are traditional, Christian values. We see Shukhov's gentleness, helpfulness, his peasant cunning, his ability to adapt to unbearable conditions and be content with little. The kindness and pity of the protagonist for others, not only for Alyoshka and the captain, but also for Fetyukov, who lost his sense of human dignity, the ability to understand even his guards and guards (forced people) and sympathize with them - all this testifies to the return of Russian literature to eternal humanistic values .

In the person of the quiet and patient Ivan Denisovich, Solzhenitsyn recreated an image of the Russian people, almost symbolic in its generalization, capable of enduring suffering, bullying of the communist regime and the thieves' lawlessness of the Archipelago and, despite this, endure in this “tenth circle of “hell””, while maintaining kindness to people, humanity, condescension to human weaknesses and intolerance to meanness.

The novelty of the hero Solzhenitsyn, who did not correspond well to the generally accepted ideas about the "builder of communism", was not liked by all Soviet critics.
Let's read the opinion of the critic N. Sergovantsev: “The author of the story tries to present him as an example of spiritual fortitude. And what perseverance is there when the hero’s circle of interests does not extend beyond an extra bowl of “baland” (October magazine, 1963).

-Do you agree with this statement? During the eight years of hard labor, Ivan Denisovich learned the daily struggle for existence: to hide a trowel, to snatch a tray from a prisoner with a touch, to “mow down” a couple of bowls of gruel, learned to keep forbidden things: a needle in a hat, a knife in a slot, money in a lining. He also comprehended the wisdom that in order to survive, a prisoner must leave pride: “...groan and rot. And you will rest - you will break. ” But with all this, Shukhov did not lose the main thing - a sense of human dignity. He knows for sure that for a ration and for a sip of shag smoke one cannot grovel. "He was not a jackal even after eight years of hard labor - and the further, the more firmly established."

The strength of Solzhenitsyn's hero lies in the fact that despite all the inevitable moral losses for a convict, he managed to keep a living soul. Such moral categories as conscience, human dignity, decency determine his life behavior. Ivan Denisovich did not succumb to the process of dehumanization even in the camps, he remained a man. So the story about the Soviet camps grows to the scale of the story about the eternal strength of the human spirit.

Spiritual Foundations of Confrontation

- What saves Shukhov? What, in Solzhenitsyn's opinion, keeps a person in the camp?

It is difficult to save life in hard labor, but it is even more difficult to save the “living soul”. In The Gulag Archipelago, Solzhenitsyn devotes a separate chapter, The Soul and Barbed Wire, to the problem of the moral choice of everyone who finds himself behind barbed wire. The writer moves us from the political to the spiritual plane: “The result is not important ... but the SPIRIT!”

In the camp, a person faces a great choice, if he chooses life “at any cost”, then as a result he loses his conscience: “This is a great crossroads of camp life. From here - the roads will go to the right and left; one will rise, the other will fall. If you go to the right, you will lose your life; if you go to the left, you will lose your conscience.” A person who decides to survive at any cost inevitably degrades: he becomes a snitch, a beggar, a dish-licker, a voluntary overseer. And we see many such examples in Solzhenitsyn's story: foreman Der, jackal Fetyukov, informer Panteleev. Another path leads to moral ascent and inner freedom: “Ceased to be afraid of threats and not chasing rewards, you became the most dangerous type in the owl's opinion of the owners. For how can I take you?”

- Give examples of such living souls, not broken by inhuman conditions. Find and read the description of the Yu-81 campsite. What does this portrait show?

This is the righteous Alyoshka the Baptist, blessing the prison, and the wiry old man X-123, in a dispute with Caesar, expressing the views of the author himself on art: “Geniuses do not adjust the interpretation to the taste of tyrants”, “No, to hell with your “how”, if it does not awaken good feelings in me, ”and camp resident Yu-81. “Shukhov was told about this old man that he was sitting in the camps and in prisons innumerable, how much Soviet power costs, and not a single amnesty touched him, and as one dozen ended, they thrust him a new one.”

Among the souls who were not broken by the inhuman conditions of the camp, of course, is the main character, who in his own way managed to adapt to life in a special camp. Therefore, the story about the prisoner, who “could not allow himself” and “the further, the more he asserted himself,” acquires a comprehensive meaning. In a country where everything is aimed at the corruption of souls, to preserve the “living soul” is a lofty feat! The writer believes in the unlimited spiritual powers of man, in his ability to withstand the threat of bestiality.

Features of the language manner of the writer

- What impression did Solzhenitsyn's language make on you? Give examples of argotisms, colloquial vocabulary. Is their use justified?

The image of a new, unprecedented reality needs new linguistic means. For many years, Solzhenitsyn, a deep admirer of Vl. characters. The Russian language in Solzhenitsyn's prose often appears in motion from the bookish to colloquial colloquial. The writer in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” creates his own vocabulary of language expansion, reveals the connotation of the word by deforming it, cutting it down, shortening it, endowing the root stem of the word with unexpected prefixes and suffixes.

- Give examples of such words created by the writer.

“Unsmoked”, “crossbones”, “unsupportable”, “arrogantly”, “wear out”, “attentively”, “not shedding”, “get used to it”, “saw it”, “shyly”, “satisfied”, etc.

- Who is telling the story about one day of Ivan Denisovich? Is the speech of the author similar to the speech of the hero?

Wanting to recreate the hero's inner world, his inner speech, through which a certain way of thinking is visible, Solzhenitsyn uses a special form of narration - the so-called indirect speech. This is a narration on behalf of a neutral narrator, but sustained completely in the speech manner of the hero. Each feeling, look, assessment, the whole world is conveyed through the perception of the former collective farmer, and now a prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov: “Only protecting them is on someone else’s blood ... he departed a little ... where you get warm ... go take it out, don’t spill it! .. the whole body separates ... people have changed…”

Results

- Let's formulate conclusions about the significance of Solzhenitsyn's story in the history of Russian literature.

1. Solzhenitsyn was Columbus, who paved the way to the unknown islands of the Archipelago, discovered and described the unknown nation of prisoners.
Following the works of Solzhenitsyn, V. Shalamov's Kolyma Tales, O. Volkov's Immersion in Darkness, G. Vladimov's Faithful Ruslan and other works on this topic appeared.

2. The writer discovered the “simple Soviet man”, created an image of the Russian people, almost symbolic in its generalization, capable of enduring unprecedented suffering and preserving a living soul.

3. Solzhenitsyn's story marked a turn to traditional moral values ​​forgotten by Soviet literature. “The talent and courage of A. Solzhenitsyn manifested itself in the fact that he began to speak in the voice of great literature, the main difference of which from insignificant literature is that it is occupied with the categories of good and evil, life and death, the relationship between man and society, power and personality”(A.Belinkov).

4. Solzhenitsyn gave a lesson in courage and courage to all Soviet writers. “He proved that one can and should write without thinking about either the internal or the external censor”(V. Kaverin). “It’s no longer possible to write the way they wrote until recently”(G. Baklanov). “When Solzhenitsyn appeared and saved the honor of Russian literature, his appearance was like a miracle”(A. Jacobson).

5. For the first time in Soviet literature, criticism of the entire system, of “advanced ideology,” was voiced. “Solzhenitsyn opened our eyes, tightly wired with ideology, insensitive to terror and lies”(J. Niva).

6. The story revealed the spiritual opposition of the writer, a return to the religious foundations of the worldview. “This was a turning point not only in the history of Russian literature, but also in the history of the spiritual development of each of us”(M. Schneerson).

7. Solzhenitsyn was an innovator in the field of language. “The event was language itself; they plunged headlong into it ... It was that great and powerful, and, moreover, a free language, intelligible from childhood ... The Russian language hammered with force, like a key, from the first lines - playing and almost physically perceptibly quenching thirst ”(M. Chudakova).

Notes

Lakshin V.Ya. Friends and Foes of Ivan Denisovich // Lakshin V.Ya. Journal paths. M., 1990. S. 73.

Chudakova M.O. Through the stars to the thorns // Chudakova M.O. Literature of the Soviet past. M., 2001. S. 340, 365.

Literature

1. Lakshin V.Ya. Friends and Foes of Ivan Denisovich // Lakshin V.Ya. Journal paths. M., 1990.

2.Leiderman N., Lipovetsky M. Between chaos and space // Novy Mir. 1991. No. 7.

3. Niva J. Solzhenitsyn. M., 1992.

4. Chudakova M.O. Through the stars to the thorns: Change of literary cycles // Chudakova M.O. Literature of the Soviet past. M., 2001.

5.Schneerson M. Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Sowing, 1984.

Composition

Purpose: to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the story; develop students' skills in the study of literary text; show the humanistic component of the life position of the writer; continue the development of analytical and communicative abilities of students; to activate the work of students in the lesson with the help of individual and group tasks; form their own attitude to the events and characters of the story; develop the ability to defend their own point of view; on the example of the main character to bring up the best human qualities. equipment: portrait a. I. Solzhenitsyn; texts of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", the novel "Gu Lag Archipelago".

Projected

Results: students comment on text fragments that reveal a person's stay in inhuman conditions; analyze the image of a hero who has retained high spiritual and moral qualities; participate in a dialogue about the inviolability of the moral foundations of human life, as affirmed by the author in the story; work with the texts of works a. I. Solzhenitsyn. lesson type: combined (lesson-research).

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational stage

II. Updating of basic knowledge

♦ Why a literary debut a. I. Solzhenitsyn was perceived as an Event, as a "literary miracle"?

♦ Provide reader feedback on a. I. Solzhenitsyn. Comment on them.

♦ Why does the writer prefer the short story genre?

♦ How was the camp experience of a. I. Solzhenitsyn?

III. Setting goals and objectives for the lesson.

Motivation for learning activities

Teacher. The story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" attracted the attention of readers not only with its unexpected theme, novelty of the material, but also with its artistic perfection.

Under the fresh impression of reading the story, V. T. Shalamov wrote in a letter to the author: “The story is like poetry - everything is perfect in it, everything is expedient. Each line, each scene, each characterization is so concise, intelligent, subtle and deep that I think that Novy Mir has never printed anything so solid, so strong from the very beginning of its existence. And so necessary - because without an honest solution of these very questions, neither literature nor social life can move forward - everything that comes with omissions, bypasses, deception - has brought, brings and will bring only harm.

There is one more huge advantage - this is the deeply and very subtly shown peasant psychology of Shukhov. I have not yet seen such a delicate highly artistic work, to be honest, for a long time.

In general, the details, the details of everyday life, the behavior of all the characters are very accurate and very new, scorchingly new.

"To express the truth of life in its entirety!" - this is the main aesthetic requirement a. I. Solzhenitsyn. Talking about the camp and campers, a. I. Solzhenitsyn writes not about how they suffered there, but about how they managed to survive, retaining everything human in themselves.

IV. Work on the topic of the lesson

1. analytical conversation based on the text of the story

♦ What parameters set the system of characters in the story? What is the place of the protagonist in this system?

♦ What makes Ivan Denisovich stand out among these heroes?

♦ By what moral laws does the hero of the story live? Pay attention to how he treats everything that is created by human hands, supports his life. Find such details that help characterize Ivan Denisovich.

♦ How does Shukhov feel about those with whom he works in the brigade? How do members of the brigade treat him: the foreman Tyurin, the bricklayer Kildis, the deaf Klevshin, the young man Gopchik, and others? Is it possible to say that Shukhov is “terribly lonely”?

♦ What is Shukhov's attitude to work, to business? To answer, compare the episodes of washing the floors in the supervisory office and laying the walls in the thermal power plant (at the beginning and at the end of the story).

♦ Why is the character's behavior so different? How do you feel about Shukhov's ability to serve?

♦ Find the hero's thoughts about his military past, about how he escaped from captivity and was accused of treason. (Episode: conversation with Kildis while working on the construction of a thermal power plant). Is it possible to say that Shukhov is passive in the war, weak in soul? Is it possible to blame him for the fact that during the investigation he chooses life (“if you sign it, at least you will live a little longer”)?

♦ Shukhov remembers the words of the first camp foreman Kuzemin: “Here’s who is dying in the camp: who licks bowls, who hopes for the medical unit, and who goes to knock on the godfather [guard].” Prove that Shukhov follows these rules.

♦ On whose behalf is the story being told? whose position is expressed: the author or the hero? What is the name of this type of image? Why did the author choose him?

Teacher generalization

The method of representation chosen by the author is an internal monologue - the narrator's speech, permeated with vocabulary, semantics, syntactic constructions of the character's speech, his intonations, feelings. The narrator here, as it were, adapts his own manner of speaking to the speech manner of the hero. this way of depicting allows, as it were, to connect the positions of the author and the hero. Shukhov, meticulous in a peasant way, sees camp life in all the little things and details, comprehends it in a practical and far-sighted way. But he does not understand everything, he cannot correctly evaluate everything. Therefore, the position of the author remains primary. But the choice of the hero shows that this position is close to the universal, popular one.

3. mini-discussion

♦ Critics ambiguously evaluate the image of Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. can Ivan Denisovich be considered a person who opposes the will of the majority, who affirmed human dignity all his life? Or is his goal - to survive, and then you can go to any humiliation? Does the hero “dissolve” in a team, brigade, mass of prisoners, or does he remain himself? Prove your point.

♦ One of the critics, immediately after the story was published, wrote about the main character as follows: “... Yes, Ivan Denisovich was muzzled. In many ways, the extremely cruel conditions dehumanized - this is not his fault. But the author of the story is trying to present him as an example of spiritual fortitude. and what kind of steadfastness is there when the hero’s circle of interests does not extend beyond an extra bowl of “baland”, “left” earnings and a thirst for warmth ... No, Ivan Denisovich cannot claim the role of the folk type of our era ”(N. Sergovantsev). can you agree with this characterization of the hero? Prove your opinion. when thinking, use the novel “The Gulag Archipelago” (vol. 2, part 3) and the text of the story.

V. Reflection. Summing up the lesson

Generalizing word of the teacher

- "the camp through the eyes of a peasant," - said l. Z. Kopelev, passing a. t. tvardovsky manuscript a. I. Solzhenitsyn. Yes, through the eyes of Shukhov, because through the eyes of Buinovsky or Caesar we would have seen the camp differently. the camp is a special world with its own “landscape”, its own realities: zone, zone lights, towers, guards on towers, barracks, wall paneling, barbed wire, BUR, head of the regime, condo with withdrawal, full punishment cell, convicts, black jacket with a number , rations, a bowl of gruel, guards, shmon, dogs, a column, an object, a foreman, a foreman ... "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" shocked readers with knowledge of the forbidden - camp life under Stalin. One of the countless islands of the Gulag archipelago has opened for the first time. Behind him was the state itself, a ruthless totalitarian system that suppresses man. so who is whom: camp - man? or man - camp? the camp order ruthlessly persecutes everything human and implants the inhuman. the camp defeated many, ground them to dust. Ivan Denisovich goes through the vile temptations of the camp. On this endless day, the drama of resistance plays out. Some win in it: Ivan Denisovich, Kavgorang, convict X-123, Alyoshka the Baptist, Senka Klevshin, pom-brigadier, foreman Tyurin himself. Others are doomed - film director Tsezar Markovich, "jackal" Fetyukhov, foreman Der and others.

The theme of this story was the assertion of the victory of the human spirit over camp violence. The story is dedicated to the resistance of the living to the inanimate, of man to the camp. The Solzhenitsyn hard labor camp is a mediocre, dangerous, cruel machine that grinds everyone who gets into it. the camp was created for the sake of murder, aimed at the extermination of the main thing in a person - thoughts, conscience, memory.

Ivan Denisovich "did not lose his human appearance even after eight years of common work - and the further, the more firmly he established himself." A. I. Solzhenitsyn tells about the terrible era of Stalinism, when only those who have spiritual stamina, brought up by age-old folk wisdom, are capable of preserving a person in himself in opposition to the state machine that destroys the individual.

VI. Homework

1. creative task:

♦ analyze the methods of revealing the image of the protagonist of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich";

♦ find landscapes in the text and determine their functions in the work.

Literature 1972" a. I. Solzhenitsyn.

Other writings on this work

“... In the camp, only those who are already corrupted in the wild or were prepared for this are corrupted” (According to the story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”) A. I. Solzhenitsyn: "One day of Ivan Denisovich" The author and his hero in one of the works of AI Solzhenitsyn. ("One day of Ivan Denisovich"). The Art of Character Creation. (According to the novel by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich") Historical Theme in Russian Literature (Based on A. I. Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich) The camp world in the image of A. I. Solzhenitsyn (based on the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich") Moral problems in A. I. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" The image of Shukhov in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" The problem of moral choice in one of the works of A. Solzhenitsyn The problems of one of the works of A. I. Solzhenitsyn (based on the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich") The problems of Solzhenitsyn's works Russian national character in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". The symbol of an entire era (based on Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich") The system of images in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" Solzhenitsyn - humanist writer Plot and compositional features of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” The Theme of the Horror of the Totalitarian Regime in A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s Story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” Artistic features of Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". Man in a totalitarian state (based on the works of Russian writers of the 20th century) Characteristics of the image of Gopchik Characteristics of the image of Ivan Denisovich Shukhov Review of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" The problem of national character in one of the works of modern Russian literature Genre features of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" by A. I. Solzhenitsyn The image of the main character Shukov in the novel "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" Analysis of the work Characteristics of the image of Fetyukov One day and the whole life of a Russian person The history of the creation and appearance in print of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” The harsh truth of life in the works of Solzhenitsyn Ivan Denisovich - characteristics of a literary hero Reflection of the tragic conflicts of history in the fate of the heroes of the story by A. I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" The creative history of the creation of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" Moral issues in the story The problem of moral choice in one of the works Review of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" The hero of Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

Sections: Literature

Lesson type: problem-developing

Lesson form: seminar

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

  • To reveal the essence of the image of Ivan Denisovich with the help of the main elements of Solzhenitsyn's artistic style;
  • Show the fundamental novelty of the hero for Russian literature of the XX century;
  • Identify the most important features of the writer's linguistic manner.

Developing:

  • Improve the ability to analyze and evaluate a work of art and its characters;
  • To promote the development of oral and written speech in students;
  • Strengthen the skills of generalization and the ability to draw conclusions.

Educational:

  • Arouse interest in the work of Solzhenitsyn, the desire to learn about the tragic pages in the history of our state;
  • Monitor the behavior of a person who finds himself in inhuman conditions;
  • To improve the moral qualities of students;
  • To cultivate the ability to defend one's own point of view, respect for the opinion of classmates.

Lesson equipment:

  • Portrait of A.I. Solzhenitsyn;
  • The text of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich";
  • Handout (for each desk) with a statement by the critic N. Sergovantsev;
  • Sheets for each student for graphic design of lesson material (Annex 1).

Two weeks before the lesson, the students were divided into groups (5 groups), each of which received its own task.

When compiling the tasks, the material of the practical textbook "Russian literature of the 20th century" grade 11 / ed. Yu.I. Lyssogo. M. "Mnemosyne". 2001, p.458.

Task for the 1st group:

  1. Restore the hero's past. How did he get into the camp?
  2. Is it possible to say that Shukhov was passive in the war, weak in soul?
  3. Is it possible to blame him for choosing life during the investigation?

Task for the 2nd group:

  1. Pay attention to how Shukhov treats everything that is created by human hands, supports his life? How does this characterize him?
  2. What is the originality of Shukhov's portrait?

Task for the 3rd group:

  1. By what moral laws does Shukhov live?
  2. Prove that Shukhov is faithful to these precepts.
  3. What is Shukhov's attitude to work, to business? (Compare the episodes of mopping in the supervisor's room and masonry walls at the CHP). Why is the character's behavior so different?
  4. How do you feel about Shukhov's ability to "serve"? (Remember the discussion about the work of dyeers in his native village of Temgenevo). How does the attitude to work characterize Ivan Denisovich?

Task for the 4th group:

  1. What are the parameters of the character system? Determine the main steps of the camp hierarchy (guards and prisoners; a strict hierarchy among prisoners - from the foreman to jackals and informers).
  2. What is the hierarchy of heroes in their relation to captivity? What is Shukhov's place in these coordinate systems? (An attempt to rebel against the camp system - Buinovsky; naive non-resistance - Alyoshka; Shukhov's "middle" position in the system of characters).
  3. How does Shukhov feel about those with whom he works in the brigade?
  4. How do the team members feel about him? Is it possible to say that Shukhov is "terribly lonely"?
  5. Is there a contrast between Shukhov and Tsezar Markovich (peasant and intellectual) in the story? If yes, what is it?

Task for the 5th group:

  1. Why does the author use indirect speech as the main narrative device?
  2. Is it possible to say that the whole story of Solzhenitsyn is an internal monologue of the hero? Show this with an example.
  3. How is the author's assessment expressed?
  4. Find and write down the proverbs used by Solzhenitsyn. Explain any 5. For what purpose does Solzhenitsyn introduce them into the text?

Epigraph to the lesson:

Do you want to know who am I? what am I? Where am I going? -
I am the same as I was and will be all my life:
Not cattle, not a tree, not a slave, but a man!
A. Radishchev. Ode "Liberty"

Lesson steps:

I. Organizational and motivational-target exposition of the lesson.

(Message topic, lesson objectives)

Teacher:

Moral problems traditionally remain in the center of attention of Russian literature. Good and evil, honor and conscience, devotion and betrayal - these are far from all the questions that Russian writers solve in their works.

Sometimes a person faces terrible, even cruel trials when he finds himself on the verge of life and death. But even in the most extreme conditions, a person always has a choice, which everyone determines in accordance with their moral ideal. Sometimes the fear of death becomes stronger, and a person crosses the line that separates him from the animal. But it also happens differently. A person, despite everything, remains a person, retains the human in himself, does not lose respect for himself - "is saved by dignity" - and this, probably, is the only correct choice (Reading the epigraph).

Today our conversation is about a man who, by the will of fate, found himself in inhuman conditions - in a prison camp. This is the main character of Solzhenitsyn's story - Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. (Announcement of the topic of the lesson. Students make notes in notebooks).

The main goal of the lesson is to understand and reveal the essence of the hero Solzhenitsyn, to determine with what elements of the writer's artistic style this image is created.

II. Creating conditions for an independent search for patterns, information (acquaintance with a fragment of an article by critic N. Sergovantsev, derivation of a problematic issue)

And now I suggest you get acquainted with the statement of one critic. Read it (the material is printed for each desk).

“I would like to know how a simple person, put forward by the author as a deeply popular type, will comprehend the amazing environment that surrounds him.

And from life itself, and from the entire history of Soviet literature, we know that the typical folk character, forged by our whole life, is the character of a fighter, active, inquisitive, effective. But Shukhov is completely devoid of these qualities. He does not resist tragic circumstances in any way, he submits to them with his soul and body. Not the slightest internal protest, not a hint of a desire to understand the reasons for his plight, not even an attempt to learn about them from more knowledgeable people - Ivan Denisovich has none of this. His whole life program, his whole philosophy is reduced to one thing: to survive! Some critics were touched by such a program: they say, a person is alive! But after all, a terribly lonely person is alive, in his own way, adapted to hard labor conditions, truly not even understanding the unnaturalness of his position. Yes, Ivan Denisovich was muzzled. In many ways, the extremely cruel conditions dehumanized - this is not his fault. But the author of the story is trying to present him as an example of spiritual fortitude. And what kind of stamina is there when the hero's circle of interests does not extend beyond an extra bowl of "baland", "left" earnings and a thirst for warmth:

No, Ivan Denisovich cannot claim to be the folk type of our era.

N. Sergovantsev. The tragedy of loneliness and "continuous life". 1963.

Here is such a point of view. Is the critic correct in his assessment?

What makes Ivan Denisovich the main character of the story? - this is a problematic question, which we can answer only based on the text of the work itself. Let's turn to the text.

III. Analytical work with text. Report of creative groups (checking d / z).

(During the performances, students work through the material, highlight the main thing, select and draw it up graphically)

You know that the image of any character is created using various means. Name them. (Portrait, behavior and actions of the hero, his speech, landscape, interior, assessment of the hero by other characters, etc.). We will consider those that will help us better understand the image of the hero of the story: the background of the hero, the portrait, everyday details, actions and deeds, relationships with other characters, the attitude of the author to the hero. Preparing for the lesson, you worked in groups, collecting material in your direction. Now the "commanders" of your groups will report on the work done. During performances, be careful, select the main thing and fix it in the table. The word is given to the "commander" of the first group. (Speech by the "commander" of group No. 1)

Teacher: Group No. 2 worked on revealing the image through the details of the portrait, household items. In fact, the text of the story is distinguished by a high degree of detail, each fact, as it were, is divided into the smallest components, each of which is presented in close-up. Solzhenitsyn loves such "cinematic" techniques. What seems to us a trifle, for the hero is a matter of life and death. (Speech by the "commander" of group No. 2)

Teacher: The third group considered the actions and deeds of the hero. (Speech by the "commander" of group No. 3)

Teacher: And now let's consider what place the hero occupies in the system of images. (Group Report #4)

Let's get back to the criticism. Do you agree with his assessment of the hero of the story?

What traditions of Russian literature can be traced in the image of Ivan Denisovich?

(A.I. Solzhenitsyn continues the traditions of L. Tolstoy: Ivan Denisovich Shukhov, like Platon Karataev, is the embodiment of the unlimited ability of the Russian people to endure and believe, contrary to personal fate. Love for work also makes Shukhov related to the characters of Nekrasov’s poem. He is just as talented and is happy at work, like a stonemason from Olonchan, who is able to "crush a mountain." Ivan Denisovich is not unique. He is a real, moreover, a typical character).

IV. Generalization of the material. An answer to a problematic question.

Summarizing. The uniqueness and significance of Solzhenitsyn's story lies in the fact that the author painted a tragic picture of people's lives under the conditions of a totalitarian regime and at the same time showed a truly popular character that asserts itself in these circumstances. Shukhov's strength lies in the fact that despite all the inevitable moral losses for a prisoner, he managed to keep a living soul. Shukhov's high degree of adaptability has nothing to do with opportunism, humiliation, loss of "self." Such moral categories as conscience, human dignity, decency determine his life behavior. Almost on every page we read that the years of penal servitude did not make Shukhov embittered, hardened. In spite of everything, kindness, responsiveness, a cordial, benevolent attitude towards people were preserved in him, for which he is paid the same in the brigade.

Ivan Denisovich does not resist the camp conditions of life. The hero firmly remembered the words of his first foreman Kuzemin: "Here, guys, the law is the taiga." Shukhov perfectly understands the futility of fighting the camp: he is great and resistance to him robs a person of the last strength necessary for life, it is better "... groan and rot. But if you resist, you will break." The Russian people have always perceived power as an inevitable evil that must be endured, since power is temporary, fickle, and the peasant has been living on earth unchanged for several centuries. The hero, whose name and patronymic the story is respectfully named, is the most ordinary ordinary peasant, a truly folk character.

We see that, in principle, even in terrible camp conditions, a person has a choice - you can sink to the bottom, lose a person in yourself; You can keep a person in yourself, or you can rise above yourself. In the story, these options are represented by different characters. On their example, we were convinced that the choice always remains with the person himself. We are not finishing this conversation today.

V. Suggestion of homework.

  1. Answer the following question in writing: How can one remain a free person in conditions of lack of freedom?
  2. Read "Kolyma stories" by V. Shalamov. Compare 2-3 stories with the story of A.I. Solzhenitsyn.

Literature used in the preparation of the lesson:

  1. A.I. Solzhenitsyn. One day of Ivan Denisovich. M., 2004
  2. Lakshin V.Ya. Ivan Denisovich, his friends and enemies.//In the book. "Shores of Culture"/Sb.st. M., 1994
  3. Niva J. Solzhenitsyn. M., 1992
  4. Chalmaev V.A. Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Life and creativity./Kn. for students. M., 1994
  5. Kamensky G.L. A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One day of Ivan Denisovich" / Prince. for students. M., 2005

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov- a prisoner. The prototype of the protagonist was the soldier Shukhov, who fought with the author in the Great Patriotic War, but never sat. The camp experience of the author himself and other prisoners served as material for creating the image of ID. This is a story about one day of camp life from getting up to lights out. The action takes place in the winter of 1951 in one of the Siberian hard labor camps.

ID, forty years old, left for the war on June 23, 1941, from the village of Temgenevo, near Polomnia. His wife and two daughters remained at home (the son died young). I.D. served eight years (seven in the North, in Ust-Izhma), he is serving the ninth - the term of imprisonment ends. According to the “case”, it is believed that he sat down for treason - he surrendered, and returned because he was carrying out the task of German intelligence. During the investigation, he signed all this nonsense - the calculation was simple: "if you don't sign it - a wooden pea coat, if you sign it - you'll live a little longer." But in reality it was like this: they were surrounded, there was nothing to eat, nothing to shoot with. Little by little, the Germans caught and took them through the forests. Five of them made their way to their own, only two of them were laid down by the submachine gunner on the spot, and the third died of his wounds. And when the two remaining said that they had escaped from German captivity, they did not believe them and handed them over to the right place. At first he ended up in the Ust-Izhma general camp, and then from the general fifty-eighth article they were transferred to Siberia, to hard labor. Here, in convict, I. D. considers, it’s good: “... freedom here is from the belly. In Ust-Izhmensky you say in a whisper that there are no matches outside, they put you in jail, they rivet a new ten. And here, shout whatever you like from the upper bunks - the informers don’t report it, the operas waved their hand. ”

Now I.D. has no half of his teeth, but his healthy beard is sticking out, his head is shaved. He was dressed like all camp inmates: wadded trousers, a worn, dirty patch with the number Sh-854 was sewn above the knee; padded jacket, and on top of it - a pea jacket, belted with a rope; boots, under boots two pairs of footcloths - old and newer.

For eight years I. D. adapted to camp life, understood its main laws and lives by them. Who is the prisoner's main enemy? Another prisoner. If the zeks had not quarreled with each other, the authorities would not have had power over them. So the first law is to remain human, not to fuss, to maintain dignity, to know your place. Not to be a jackal, but he must also take care of himself - how to stretch the ration so as not to constantly feel hungry, how to have time to dry the felt boots, how to stock up on the right tool, how to work (at full or half-heartedly), how to talk with the authorities, who should not come across on the eyes, how to earn extra money in order to support yourself, but honestly, not by being clever and not humiliating, but by applying your skill and ingenuity. And this is not only camp wisdom. This wisdom is rather even peasant, genetic. I. D. knows that working is better than not working, and working well is better than bad, although he will not take any job, it is not in vain that he is considered the best foreman in the team.

The proverb applies to him: trust in Vogue, but don’t make a mistake yourself. Sometimes he prays, “Lord! Save! Don't give me a punishment cell!" - and he will do everything to outwit the warden or someone else. The danger passes, and he immediately forgets to give thanks to the Lord - once and already inopportunely. He believes that “those prayers are like statements: either they do not reach, or “the complaint is denied.” Rule your own destiny. Common sense, worldly peasant wisdom and truly high morality help I. D. not only survive, but also accept life as it is, and even be able to be happy: “Shukhov fell asleep completely satisfied. During the day, he had a lot of luck: they didn’t put him in a punishment cell, they didn’t send the brigade to the Sotsgorodok, at lunch he mowed down the porridge, the brigadier closed the percentage well, Shukhov laid the wall cheerfully, didn’t get caught with a hacksaw on a raid, worked part-time with Caesar and bought tobacco. And I didn't get sick, I got over it. The day passed, unmarred by anything, almost happy.

The image of I. D. goes back to the classic images of old peasants, for example, Tolstoy's Platon Karataev, although he exists in completely different circumstances.